environmental hazards which effect pregnacy essays

environmental hazards which effect pregnacy essays Environmental Hazards That Effect Pregnancy Did you know that 30 to 80 percent of all conceptions end in miscarriages, stillbirth or early infant death? And that mens sperm counts have gone down by 40 percent during the last thirty years? There are many reasons that these things happen. Most of these factors to a healthy birth have to do with the environment. Some examples include radiation, viruses, drugs and chemicals. These are the cause of 5 to 11 percent to birth defects and can cause miscarriages. Toxic substances come in many forms. You should know the different forms to look out for. There are hazardous vapors such as the fumes that come from turpentine and paint thinner. Mists like spray paints. Metalic fumes, gases and dust. A toxic substance is a poison, which enters the body and damages its organ systems. Toxic substances enter the body from absorption through skin, inhalation through mouth and nose and ingestion by eating or drinking around a toxic substance. So you should always be cautious around hazardous material. Some examples of chemicals to steer clear of, and their effects are: Maganese and antimony because they interfere with sex drive and can cause impotence, Cadium and lead can cause testicular damage, Tolnene, xylene, and formaldahyde can cause menstrual disorders, lead and benzene cause mutations to chromosomes and offspring. The way it works is that once a poison enters you body, it circulates through the bloodstream and passes through the placenta. The amount of damage it causes depends on the stage of pregnancy and the amount of the toxin that gets into the body. The type of toxin also makes a difference. In the first trimester, which is when the organs are developed, Pentachlorophenol, lithium, mercury and ethyl alcohol can cause birth defects. Lead and carbon can also cause miscarriages and spontaneous abortions. Here is a table of the reproductive effects of chemical poisoning...

Middle Eastern Muslims

Middle Eastern Muslims Introduction Middle Eastern Muslims are characterized by inflexible cultural values, strong religious beliefs, and unique cultural practices and traditions (Friedman, 2006).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Middle Eastern Muslims specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They differ with Muslims in other countries significantly. Middle East has hit headlines for many years because of its cultural and religious beliefs that limit the rights and opportunities of women in society. Middle Eastern Muslims are conservative and not keen on embracing modernization. History The history of Middle Eastern Muslims dates back to around 600 CE (Friedman, 2006). In that year, Prophet Mohammed allegedly heard the word of God at Mecca for the first time. Afterwards, he presented Allah’s message to the people in a book called the Quran. The formation of Islam involved incorporation of social and political systems. However, before its fo rmation, communities were formed based on people’s tribal affiliations. Middle easterners rejected this societal system and embraced Islam that joined people together based on a common belief in one God (Friedman, 2006). The new community was based on religious affiliations and rejected tribal affiliation as an aspect of forming their identity. Religion Middle Eastern Muslims are commonly identified by their religion. Most of them practice Islam. In the Middle East, Islam is the predominant religion with the exception of nations such as Palestine and Israel (Bowen and Early, 2002). According to a survey conducted on all states that constitute Middle East, Islam is the principal religion. However, embracement of Islam as the main religion obscures the fact that within Islam, several sects exist. Examples of such sects include Shia, Sunni, and Shiite. Middle Easterners mostly belong to the Sunni sect (Bowen and Early, 2002). Shiite sect is common in Iran, Iraq, and Lebanon, whi le Shiite is common in Yemen. Other sects followed by Muslims include Alawites, the Ismailis, the Ibadis, and the Shafis. Family Middle Easterners value the family unit a lot. Kinship is the main aspect of both social and economic association (Schabler and Stenberg, 2004). The family that a person is born into is the most important societal unit recognized by Middle Eastern Muslims. Family is important because it offers shelter, social and emotional support, food, and a sense of belonging. Patrilineal families are also valued highly.Advertising Looking for report on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These families live together in organized units that allow intra-marriages (Schabler and Stenberg, 2004). As such, marriages between cousins are common. Early in their childhood, children are taught to respect elder members of the family (Bowen and Early, 2002). On the other hand, elder members take care o f younger family members. Women are taught to respect their brothers, uncles, and fathers. Unwed women are segregated and considered failures in the family. Marriage is a very important family aspect. Language The three main languages spoken by Middle Eastern Muslims include Arabic, Farsi, and Turkish. However, there are other minor languages and dialects used by minority groups. Many people combine their local dialect with a foreign language. For example, Lebanese Muslims usually mix the local Arabic dialect with French (Bowen and Early, 2002). In Afghanistan, Dari and Pashto are the languages used. These languages originated from the Iranian language. Languages spoken by minority groups include Uzbek and Turkmen (Schabler and Stenberg, 2004). In Gulf States that include Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Yemen, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates and Oman, Arabic is common. The dialect of Arabic is closely related to Fusha, the modern standard Arabic. Cultural practices and traditions Common cultural p ractices and traditions practiced by Middle Eastern Muslims include observation of certain traditional and cultural practices. These include pronunciation of Allah’s name before meals and physical cleansing (Schabler and Stenberg, 2004). They use their right hands when eating and drinking, invoke Allah’s blessing whenever they sneeze, and recite the â€Å"Adhaan’ in the right ear of a new born to convey the parent’s spiritual natures into the newborn (Bowen and Early, 2002). It is also part of their tradition to trim moustaches, clip nails, and shave armpit and pubic hair. In addition, they observe the rite of circumcision (Schabler and Stenberg, 2004). These practices constitute their tradition of physical cleansing and are practiced because Prophet Mohammed initiated and approved them.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Middle Eastern Muslims specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Implications for psychological theory and practice The foregoing characteristics of Middle Eastern Muslims have deep implications for psychological theory and practice. They determine the emotional and psychological well being of people that practice them (Schabler and Stenberg, 2004). The practice of incorporating cultural practices and traditions into their religion has far-reaching implications (Schabler and Stenberg, 2004). For example, people who ignore or violate their traditions and values are either severely punished or cast away from Islam. This may have serious effects, which include emotional and psychological implications. In addition, these practices determine how people view and treat them relative to other groups. Conclusion Middle Eastern Muslims have a different way of life from other Muslim communities in other parts of the globe. The group was formed in 600 CE when Prophet Mohammed received God’s instructions and presented them to Muslims in a book called the Quran. Th eir culture and tradition is similar in some way to the general culture of Muslims. They wash hands before eating, eat and drink with their right hands, and conduct physical cleansing. The predominant language is Arabic even though other minor languages exist. In many areas, the Arabic dialect is mixed with foreign languages such as English and French. These characteristics determine how other people perceive Muslims, which affects their emotional, social, and psychological wellbeing. References Bowen, D., and Early, E. (2002). Everyday life in the Muslim Middle East. New York: Indiana University Press. Friedman, S. (2006). A History of the Middle East. New York: McFarland. Schabler, S., and Stenberg, L. (2004). Globalization and the Muslim World: Culture,  Religion, and Modernity. New York: Syracuse University Press.Advertising Looking for report on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More

Free eBook †100 Writing Mistakes To Avoid

Free eBook – 100 Writing Mistakes To Avoid Free eBook 100 Writing Mistakes To Avoid Free eBook 100 Writing Mistakes To Avoid By Daniel Scocco One of the fastest ways to improve your writing skills is to free yourself from the most common English mistakes: things like exchanging less with fewer, misspelling its as its, or placing commas where they are not supposed to be. Thinking about this, a couple of months ago I had an idea: what if we could write an ebook with a compilation of the 100 most common writing mistakes of the English language? An ebook containing spelling, grammar, usage and punctuation mistakes, which would work as a quick guide for writers in a hurry who want to avoid such mistakes. I asked Maeve (our editor) what she thought about the idea, and whether or not she would be interested in writing such an ebook. She liked it and started working on the manuscript immediately. After many rounds of revisions and formatting, we are finally glad to announce that our first ebook is available! The title is: 100 Writing Mistakes to Avoid: A practical guide to 100 common mistakes of spelling, usage, grammar, and punctuation. Subscribe below to receive a download link via email What Is Inside The eBook The ebook has 45 pages and four main sections: Spelling, Grammar, Usage and Punctuation Mistakes. Each mistake comes with correct/incorrect examples, as well as with a brief explanation. Here is a sample page from the book: About The Author Born in Chicago, Maeve has lived, studied, and taught English in the United States, France, and the U.K. Her educational qualifications include a B.A. (Hons) in English from the University of London, and a Ph.D. in Comparative Literature from the University of Arkansas at Fayetteville. She is also a published author of both fiction and non-fiction. Here Is What People Are Saying About It Thirty minutes after I got this book I looked up from my screen, a smile of intense satisfaction playing around my lips. It is not every day that one encounters gold nuggets, something this book truly is. (Fredrick Nwonwu) When you’ve been writing for as long as I have (my first piece was published in 1958 when I won a national Sunday school magazine short story contest), there is a dangerous tendency to think you know all you need to know, and it’s only necessary to come up with brilliant ideas. Well, just when you think you know it all someone comes along to pull you back jerkily to reality. 100 Writing Mistakes to Avoid, by Maeve Maddox, is only 45 pages long, but like the proverbial ant in the elephant’s ear, it can have a disproportionate impact on the quality of your writing. (Charles Ray) Unlike other English grammar books, which are lengthy, complex, and boring, â€Å"100 Writing Mistakes To Avoid† is simple, straightforward, and it focus on the 100 mistakes that are probably already hurting your writing pieces. (Satish G.) This book will make it easier to identify and avoid mistakes which might make our clients think less of us. As a British writer who often writes for an American audience, it’s useful to have guidance on a few stylistic points that may feel wrong to me but may be right for my readers. (Sharon Hurley) Where I think the guide comes in really handy is for writers who are committing these mistakes and may not even realize it. These aren’t the kind of things that are picked up in a spell check and unless we know what to look for, in all probability, we will continue oblivious to these types of errors. (Travis King) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Types and Forms of Humor40 Fish IdiomsGrammatical Case in English

Grenada and Mission Command Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Grenada and Mission Command - Essay Example As a function of this breakdown, the US Atlantic Command was forced to keep a close hold of the operation; so much so that it did not successfully transmit needed information to the US Readiness Command. This led to many command elements being unaware of the initial planning stages; thereby leading the entire operation to the point of leaving out key elements of command from the planning process. Quite obviously, such an oversight led to many problematic issues during the logistical execution of the operation itself. US Second Fleet: This command unit was given overall control of the operation. Under the leadership of Vice Admiral Joseph Metcalf III, the US Second Fleet formed Joint Task Force 120 with overall responsibility of the Operation Urgent Fury. The Second Fleet had a clear understanding of the intent and objectives of the orders of the Atlantic Fleet passed on from President Regan. However, here as well there was a breach in the building of cohesive teams. This lack of cohe sion naturally deterred a building of mutual trust when the recommendation of Admiral Metcalf II to have army Major General Norman Schwarzkopf be put in charge of the overall ground operations instead of Major General Edward Trobaugh was quashed due to its clear abrogation and deviation from the chain of command. While Admiral Metcalf III knew that most of the operation would be ground based, more suited under command of an army command unit, this was unfortunately never considered openly in the planning stage. Regardless of such an oversight and/or prejudice, the Second Fleet was still up to the task and was able to establish proper command and communication channels to the units under its command. XVIII Airborne Corps: Under the leadership of Lieutenant General Jack Mackmull, this command unit was in charge of the majority of logistics and sustainment of the operations in Grenada. Although this command unit had an important role, it was overlooked by the main planners during the p lanning phase. Near the beginning of operations, the Atlantic Command requested that the XVIII Airborne Corps’ subordinate 82nd Airborne Division be placed in combat readiness without being given a clear or otherwise full idea of what the situation entailed. It was also found that the XVIII Airborne Corps was excluded by the Atlantic Command from the planning phase; additionally compounding the initial problem of logistics and sustainment of participating ground forces. Among the participating command unit

International Financial Markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 4

International Financial Markets - Essay Example effected where the surplus funds are invested in the markets through buying of assets, and the deficit is counteracted when investors sell their assets. The London Stock Exchange (LSE) has played a major role in financing investors. The financing from an exchange in the recent decade has been viewed to be more effective compared to other financial institutions. The process applied in extending credit is much easier to undertake. A number of factors have been seen to enhance this process. These include the growing competition, fluctuating interest rates, deregulation and advanced technology that have resulted in the efficiency of operations of the LSE. LSE is among the largest trading market internationally serving 3000 companies in 70 different countries. Integrity, market knowledge and a lot of expertise have been a platform for LSE. It is a leader in providing of services that facilitate raising of capital amongst its participants. It is also among the leading stock exchanges in equity trading. LSE offers both real and virtual stock exchanges. Virtual stock exchange allows its investors to trade online while the real exchange is done offline. Advertently, this allows all manner of investors to trade in this stock exchange. The technological advances allow participants in this market to have the opportunity to trade locally and internationally. The LSE group has in the past decade offered high performance trading platforms, market softwares e.g. sets, crests, for assessment of assets as well as post trading services for its participants (Alexander, 2008, 281; Alexander, 2010, 137). Main markets works together with the LSE and the financial authorities in regulation of trades with big corporations. These are companies who are not only looking for ways of raising capital but also in having a reputation in their liquidity shares profile and international position. It has a combined market capitalisation of  £3.7 trillion. This market serves over 1400 companies. It

Law - Directors Duties Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Law - Directors Duties - Essay Example With the existing emphasis on corporate social responsibility, traditional common law notions had to be revised with a codification by the Companies Act Review. The codification of the Companies Act focused on 9 main sections, which define the duties that the directors owe to their companies. The first codification is section 171, which requires the directors to act within their powers in association with the company. Section 172 sets out the duty of the directors to promote the success of the company in a way that benefits the shareholders of the company. Section 173 requires the directors to exercise independent judgment in their actions and decisions, while section 174 of the codified version of the Companies Act requires the directors to exercise reasonable care, skill and diligence in actions regarding the company. Section 175 requires the directors to avoid conflict of interest, where the methods or authorizing such conflicts have to be sanctioned by either board or shareholder approval. Section 176 requires the directors not to accept benefits from any third parties, especially if the benefits could lead to conflict of interest with the company’s articles. ... Section 182 of the Company’s Act also clearly sets out the remedies available to the shareholders or the company if a director breaches the duty to the company. As already stated, the codified duties are performed by the director for the company, which means that only the company or statutory liquidator is able to act on the director’s breach of duty. However, a shareholder is also able to bring a derivative action against the director if needed. From section 260 of the Company Act 2006, a derivative action is one that can be brought by an interested party, mainly shareholder, against a director as a remedy for breach of fiduciary duty owed to the company. Section 175 of the codified Companies Act 2006 has generated a lot of debate and interest from different parties (Hannigan, 2009). Under this section, the director must avoid any situations which can have direct or indirect conflicts with the interest of the company (Companys Act 2009). This section overlaps with othe r sections of the Companies Act, for example, it is already required that the director act in the best interests of the company, which means that the best interest would not overlap with any other interests. Previously, the rule on conflict of interest required the director to take steps to mitigate the conflict. For example, the director would be required to remove himself from board discussions, and in extreme circumstances, remove himself from the board completely (Hannigan, 2009). However, the new rule requires the director to completely avoid areas where the conflict o interest might arise, unless the board has prior notice and authorization for the conflict of interest. From the codification of this section, it is evident that there has been a lot of

Evaluate how domestic and regional factors limited Japan's abilities Research Paper

Evaluate how domestic and regional factors limited Japan's abilities to play more definitive security roles in East Asia. Asse - Research Paper Example There are some signs that this is now changing, but the Japan-US military alliance will continue to be the defining feature of Japan’s foreign policy for the foreseeable future. Article 9 Following the Second World War, Japan officially renounced its right to declare war, which has left the country in a unique situation, somewhat removed from the life of a ‘normal’ nation state. The Japanese military is restricted by Article 9 of its constitution, which states that Japan has forfeited its right as a nation to declare war, and will not recognize force as a valid means of settling disputes between nations. As a result, Japan does not officially keep its armed forces for any purpose except self-defense. Article 9 ends: ‘The right of belligerency of the state will not be recognized’. Japan does maintain a large military force, and has one of the world’s largest military budgets, but this is justified as being purely in a defensive capacity, and unt il the past two decades, Japan did not even contribute personnel to peacekeeping missions sanctioned by the United Nations (UN). The defense budget is nearly $50 billion, approximately 1% of Japanese GDP, and it spends a further $2 billion annually on supporting American forces based in Japan1. Japanese forces are controlled tightly by civilian politicians, and the first time they were allowed to operate outside of the country was in a peacekeeping capacity in Cambodia in 1992-3. Article 9 effectively prevents Japan from taking a particularly active military role in international affairs, and for many Japanese, who are broadly pacifist, the horrors of the Second World War remain a powerful reason not to abolish Article 9 from the constitution2. As Kingston put it, ‘The US actually insisted on the insertion of Article 9 in the Japanese Constitution [as part of postwar peace negotiations], but has regretted it ever since’3. The United States would prefer Japan to take a m ore active role in attaining their shared security goals, so that it would not have to shoulder the absolute burden of operations in East Asia, including making considerable provision for Japan’s own defense. Kingston argues that, despite strong popular support for Article 9 – ‘For many Japanese, it is a point of pride that Japan’s Constitution embraces pacifism, a powerful symbolic break with the wartime past and an ongoing guarantee’, it has ‘diminished sway over government security policy’4. As we shall see, Japan has indeed circumvented the provisions of its constitution to deploy its forces abroad in recent years. The Japan-US Alliance Following the Treaty of San Francisco, Japan’s foreign policy has essentially been guided by its close relationship with the United States. Japan has been able to leave international issues to the United States, and concentrated mainly on economic recovery and development, ‘with relative ly little concern (and cost) for its own defense’5. The Alliance has had benefits for the US also. Keen to expand its practical influence right across the Pacific in the aftermath of the Second World War, Japan, as an archipelago right off the Asian mainland, offered an ‘unsinkable aircraft carrier’ from which to pursue this policy. Bases in Japan have helped with deployments against Communist forces in Korea and Vietnam, as well as other conflicts in the region. This alliance is boosted by the large volume and value of trade between the US and Japan.