What the Hell Is It all About Essay Example

What the heck Is It about Essay What the heck Does everything Mean? People contrast from some other species on the earth. Our boss mind gives us a colossal thinking limit that tests the profundities of human presence. This insight is firmly interwoven with our otherworldliness, our irrelevant part that looks for answers from something past ourselves. Since the commencement of human presence, God attempted to uncover himself to and build up a relationship with his kin, the zenith of his creation. The Old Testament narratives the tale of Gods individuals, the Israelites. God picked these individuals to uncover himself to all countries. The Bible accounts this story just as works that came out of this timespan. A segment of these compositions is known as Wisdom Literature from which comes the book of Ecclesiastes. Many have discussed the benefit of remembering Ecclesiastes for the ordinance as a result of its evident paganism. In any case, in the wake of assessing the book, Peter Kreeft in his book Three Philosophies of Life, considers Ecclesiastes the incredible of all books of theory (15). The substance, rationale, and character of Ecclesiastes checks this case. As a matter of first importance we have to characterize reasoning. Regularly, Just the word evokes mages of old, robed men stroking their streaming white whiskers and considering profound inquiries. We additionally may consider colleges where teachers and understudies hold courses and discussions. Most nonintellectuals presumably recoil at the notice of the word as a result of these very pictures. Indeed, even the different word references emphatically partner reasoning with the scholarly world. The New Oxford American Dictionary characterizes theory as the investigation of the major idea of information, reality, and presence, esp. hen considered as a scholastic order. The derivation likewise onnotes theory as an elevated scholarly term; the word begins from the Greek word philosophia which implies the affection for intelligence. One definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, nonetheless, uncovers a more profound, increasingly close to home significance of theory by chara cterizing it as the most fundamental convictions, ideas, and mentalities of an individual or gathering. Regardless of whether we understand it or not, we as a whole live out of our individual way of thinking. Our convictions shape our choices, objectives, and discernments. We will compose a custom article test on What the Hell Is It about explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on What the Hell Is It about explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on What the Hell Is It about explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer In this way, reasoning isn't Just for the erudite person. It additionally includes the basic man since t some point everyone needs to respond to lifes extreme inquiry of significance. Obviously, theory is additionally a scholastic control, and we have to deal with this when naming Ecclesiastes as the best way of thinking book at any point composed. Pundits frequently excuse Ecclesiastes as the feeble ramblings of an elderly person, apparently King Solomon. The creator doesn't utilize an exacting structure to introduce his thoughts, an exceptionally esteemed control in the conventional investigation of theory. Along these lines, he frequently appears to meander aimlessly and now and again even adjusts his perspective. Rather than giving his musings lean, target approach, he includes a lot of feeling. Every one of these protests contain some authentic focuses, yet we have to think about the essential characteristics for incredible way of thinking. Is the significance and splendor of a way of thinking basically estimated by the structure wherein it is introduced? Is the perfect and expressive strategy for rationale actually the best? Anyway essential and great, the accentuation on structure in present day reasoning has moved our concentrate away from the real substance of the inquiry. Maybe this overemphasis on torm came as a way ot maintaining a strategic distance from the truth ot the consuming inquiry that requests an answerthe question of significance. Without universal structure or thoughtfulness, Solomon faces this extreme inquiry of human presence with terrible trustworthiness. This is theory that deals with the real world. This is extraordinary way of thinking. Ecclesiastes presents the world and our human presence as basically good for nothing. As the earth turns and spins amidst an immense, twirling universe for who knows how long, we are conceived. All through out our quite a few years of presence, we experience some delight and appreciate life now and again, yet ordinarily we feel more torment than happiness. Indeed, even our happiness in the end gets toilsome. Everything that we see inclines toward a condition of confusion. We want the joy of life and oppose the torment, yet following a few brief years, the law of entropy unleashes destruction on our physical bodies and we kick the bucket. Why? What is the point? The misery of this circumstance requests a fair answer. Solomon presents his contention for inaneness in a coherent structure, as opposed to the cases of numerous pundits. The structure is less unequivocal than most and altogether different than the unbending structure created by the Greeks and utilized by current savants. The writer composes incoherently now and again, yet this very isjointedness in structure splendidly presents his contention for the unimportance of life. As Kreeft stated, The books meandering aimlessly is conscious, for this structure impeccably communicates its substance, its message: that life meanders aimlessly to no place. Its structure is unified with its substance: the trial of extraordinary verse (24). We frequently credit the Greeks for building up the type of legitimate argumentation. In spite of the fact that Solomon existed some time before the Greeks, he utilized a similar essential structure to build up his overwhelming, yet entirely obvious end result about a definitive pointlessness of life. At the center of all rationale ies a logic that offers two expressions and makes a determination. Kreeft presents the accompanying logic: All work is under the sun. And all under the sun is vanity. Along these lines, all drudge is vanity. (35) Before offering these expressions about drudge and vanity, Solomon explored different avenues regarding each in an intelligent manner and recorded his discoveries in the book (Kreeft 37). Above all else he explored different avenues regarding intelligence, yet before long found that knowledge just brings up a bigger number of issues than what it can reply. Insight didn't fulfill on the grounds that it clarified nothing. It simply attested that everything was in certainty useless. Which means can't be found in considering futile things. By denying otherworldly reality and decreasing people to absolutely physical bits of issue, existentialism affirms this fact. Information, since it originates from simply physical angles, is not, at this point reliable. Solomon recognized this vanity after his trial with astuteness. After intelligence Solomon explored different avenues regarding debauchery, the audacious quest for joy. Numerous cutting edge, naturalistic methods of reasoning that preclude the presence from claiming God advocate this methodology towards discovering meaning. Since no endless significance exists, individuals look for mmediate joy. Some burn through for their entire lives seeking after wealth and distinction. Others go to medications or sex for their rushes. Solomon recorded his experimentation with delight and reasoned that joy is basically unimportant. Delight consistently requires expanded measurements, and numerous individuals bite the dust totally unsatisfied. Living for the second essentially dodges the frightening inquiry of death. Ruler Solomon increased huge force that most people just dream about. As ruler at the peak ot Israels rule ne controlled exchange which gathered extraordinary wealth tor him and the realm. In light of his political status he could wed for all intents and purposes any lady that he wanted. Solomon had full oversight over his pleasure. Kreeft states that force is more extensive than delight since it incorporates control over joy (41). Solomon encountered this total force, yet at the same time he mourned the triviality of life. After childishly seeking after delight for himself looking for importance, Solomon surrendered and went to charity believing that sharing his products would bring his life a feeling of worth. Solomon before long acknowledged, however, that sharing his insignificant things basically spread aimlessness to others. Numerous cutting edge famous people and businessmen attempt this technique for discovering reason. By offering millions to great aims they figure their lives will have meaning. The postmodern age look for significant Jobs rather than simply well-paying Jobs. In spite of the fact that these endeavors are acceptable in numerous regards, they stay deficient. By tending to the mission for significance in a momentary sense a definitive inquiry stays disregarded. At long last, Solomon tried different things with religion. He recognized that God existed and that God made the world and its kin. Be that as it may, even this affirmation neglected to fulfill his journey for reason. At a certain point Solomon even recognized that God gives riches, assets, and respect, with the goal that he needs nothing of all that he wants, yet in a melancholy end he expressed that God doesn't give him influence to appreciate them, however an outsider appreciates them (Holy Bible. Ecc. 6. 2). Solomon came near reality here, however he neglected to see a precise image of God. Rather than considering God to be the solution to his inquiry, he only considered God to be an unoriginal power. He at that point presumed that living in such a state is additionally totally Solomons shocking end legitimately shows that life in itself is vain. ssentially trivial. We live for obscure causes. At long last we just live to endure, however nature thinks about this craving and snuffs out our lives following a couple of years. Why even battle for endurance if presence is excruciating anyw?ay? No objective answer exists. For reasons unknown, be that as it may, human instinct backlashes in light of this distressing evaluation of presence. We were intended for considerably more. A definitive delight and enormity of Ecclesiastes when contrasted with other way of thinking books originates from its portrayal of an individual battle. All the inquiries of reasoning in the long run need to get individual. This customizing of the inquiries grounds them actually. It is simple for reasoning to get

Media in Nepal After Democracy Essay Example

Media in Nepal After Democracy Essay Example Media in Nepal After Democracy Essay Media in Nepal After Democracy Essay Media in Nepal after Democracy - Narendra Maharjan After the Restoration of vote based system in 2046 B. S. an extreme change came in the Nepali Media especially in the private part. Liberal arrangement and assurance of press opportunity cherished in the constitution opened up roads for the private part to include on media division. The 2046s vote based system yielded by the Peoples Movement likewise settled rights and opportunity of the press. After the achievement of people groups development, new constitution (Nepals constitution 2047 B. S. ) has ensured the press opportunity and right to data to individuals. It was broadly commended. Wide effect of this arrangement has been seen to the media division. Political and different areas have additionally been profited by this opportunity. This arrangement energized the media area drawing tremendous interest in media. Media got proficient and it was acknowledged as the business of the nation. Ideological groups turned out to be free and Political exercises accelerated. Prior to this, individuals can not envision TV run by private segment. TV and Radio in private segment began and are going on. Off set press came into utilization and because of the openness of PC media turned out to be excessively cutting-edge. So there was a good situation to create proficient reporting in Nepal. Kantipur and The Kathmandu Post, the main expansive sheet national dailies from private division were distributed in 2049 Falgun seventh. Because of the notoriety in the brief timeframe numerous other broadsheet dailies came out. Some of them supported and some went out from the sight. During this period online news-casting additionally came out and due to the PC it was conceivable to peruse the paper and to hear the radio in PC. Because of rivalry in media and advancement of innovation, concurrent distributions were likewise begun to get distributed. Nepal Samacharpatra began to distribute from Biratnagar since 2058 B. S. , Baisakh. In like manner, Kantipur began since 2061 B. S. Ashar from Bharatpur. Paper distributions were likewise gazed from outside the nation. For instance Nepal Samacharpatra started its distributing from Doha, Qatar since 2062 Ashad, despite the fact that it couldn't support for quite a while. Presently Kantipur and Rajdhani dailies have their week after week distribution from Doha yet not concurrent. Paper distribution in various dialects was begun and going on. Noteworthy changes have happened in radio telecom after 2047 B. S. what's more, adio Nepal has begun to communicate the news administration in 20 unique dialects. New flood of FM broadcasting from non government and private segment has gotten critical activity in South Asia. Private stations in TV came into the light. Channel Nepal, Kantipur TV, Image began their administration. New discussion on remote interest in media and multi media proprietors hip is on. The FMs development is noteworthy in this period and it is going on in another tallness. There appeared the miserable picture in Nepalese media during the Maoist Conflict, State of Emergency and during the time of direct standard by the ruler Gynendra. During the main State of Emergency (26 Nov 2001-29 Aug 2002), writers were killed, some of them by the security powers and not many by the agitators and few were captured and tormented in different manners from the two sides. Nepali news coverage endured a ton while it pursued an enormous battle against the Kings direct standard. The Nepali press experienced most noticeably awful type of concealment the state and furthermore didn't stay unapproachable from the dangers, deterrents and brutality from the agitators. Nepal was described as the universes greatest jail for the writers. The legislature implemented different prohibitive and questionable laws that controlled press opportunity as the people groups right to data regardless of the way that the countries constitution ensured full press opportunity. Private part press was exposed to intense oversight and FM radio broadcasts have been completely prohibited to communicate news and current undertaking programs. Papers were asked by the legislature not to print any material on security activity or Maoist insurrection without examining the realities from the Army. Most papers outside Kathmandu have endured terrorizing or discretionary suspension at the request for District specialists. Because of preclusion on news and news-based projects over private radio broadcasts and exacting oversight even on TV channels, a few media administrations either shut or shortened projects and eased staff individuals. Individuals were totally denied from right to data and other social equality, for example, option to free development inside the nation and opportunity of articulation and of assessment. During Peoples Movement II, Nepali press assumed a significant job against rulers system. It battled for the opportunity of press and majority rule government. Because of its commitment to the popular government Nepali press is respected among the general public and government itself additionally made the good air to practice press opportunity. After the reclamation of Democracy in year 2062 B. S. ( 2006 AD), a noteworthy year for Nepali governmental issues, it is seen that the countrys media confronted huge provocation and check; anyway it contributed enough in taking the nation back to popularity based way being a piece of the 2006 April Uprising. Ever following the rebuilding of popular government and joining of Comprehensive Peace Accord between the Nepali government and CPN (Maoist), an agitator power, Nepali media and media laborers didn't observer a murmur of help and relief from the severe assaults and unmitigated infringement of press opportunity executed by the state, CPN (Maoist) including other disturbing gatherings. The declaration of Right to Information Act-2064, Working Journalist Act-2064 (Second Amendment) and protected assurance of opportunity of press and articulation in the Interim Constitution-2064 have been the wonderful accomplishments yielded in Nepali press. During the Terai development propelled by Terai-based different disturbing gatherings and gatherings, Nepali media saw another misfortune as it was controlled and various occurrences of assault and abomination in the arrangement of political encounter and conflict emitted in the Tarai district. To put it plainly, there is still requirement for Nepali Media to wage battle for their expert and physical wellbeing just as to build up opportunity of press and of articulation in Nepal. End Nepals governmental issues today remains at the go across street of history. Notwithstanding harmony accord, break constitution and Constituent Assembly political decision gridlock and political vulnerability win all around. The current political pattern is unmistakably progressively antagonistic towards the media opportunity and the guideline of autonomous media as political entertainers are carrying on in pre-harmony accord period and looking for imposing business model of intensity than shared conviction for compromise, financial changes and convenient proclamation of new constitution. The media isn't just getting political, its getting related to either party or with either energized bunches in governmental issues and getting feeble in basic zones of community training. In this specific circumstance, by what means can they dispassionately report about numerous sacred issues, federalism, mix of Maoist warriors in gainful existence of society, economy, legal freedom, self-sufficiency of administration, international strategy, land changes and so forth and empower residents to practice their contemplated decision? The primary concern is Media ought to be impartial and unprejudiced. References : www. nepalpressfreedom. organization www. martinchautari. organization. np

Important Points to Be Remembered While Selecting UBC Personal Profile Essay Samples

Important Points to Be Remembered While Selecting UBC Personal Profile Essay SamplesLooking for the UBC personal profile essay samples? This is the easiest way to research. First, you must understand that all the colleges, universities, and other educational institutions have different requirements to appear in their program.This means that the profiles they publish on their website might not be the same as the profile essays. Hence, you must look into the submission process of the schools that you are interested in.It is also good to know about the kind of profile essays they will give you to submit to the universities. The basic one is a short and very simple one. It may be based on the main idea of the school or perhaps it is focused on a specific topic. Some essays are also based on a subject that is not related to the main topic, like one based on literary works.The most popular format today is the one that is more analytical. These will usually ask you to write an essay that de als with a subject from a research point of view. It will also include writing about the achievements or any other evidence that can support your claims. The essay you will get from UBC personal profile essay samples will be different from the one that you will get from another university.They usually give sample essays written by international students so that they can better understand how your achievements can match with what they expect from you when applying for an international student. The thing that you must remember is that not all students will meet the same expectations.Write as if you were speaking. Try to write slowly, clear and clearly. Remember that you have to focus on what you want to say and not on trying to sound intelligent and eloquent.Write as if you were sitting in front of a mirror and are telling them about yourself. You may have spent hours studying your hair or clothes or any other aspect of your appearance. At this stage, you cannot change your appearance anymore, but you can still learn how to do the right things for yourself.For the students that are at their school for the first time, it is also a good idea to read about UBC profile essay samples. Find out how the class is structured and how they teach the students. This will give you an idea of what to expect from your professors, your classmates, and what kinds of assignments you can expect to do.

The Consumer Trends of Clothing and Textile Products Falling Under the Second-Hand Category Free Essay Example, 3750 words

UK s fashion market is increasingly inclined to the online platform according to recent observable market trends reported by Mintel (2011, para. 1). According to the report, fashion consumers using online platforms for their shopping solutions and is expected to continue to record higher figures in the future due to the use of the internet for market needs. However, the report notes that over 20 per cent of the internet surfers in search of fashion shopping information in the UK did not end up buying the fashion products. Whereas shoppers continue to flock the online platform in the UK, there are mixed fortunes in the actual consumption of fashion products due to a number of factors. According to general fashion consumption in the UK, there is a continued reduction in sales figures particularly towards 2011 due to obvious economic reasons (Monk 2011, p6). Perhaps the recorded unsuccessful online shopping by fashion consumers will continue for a while as occasioned by the economic ti me in which Europe continues to be entangled in. The mixed fortunes in the actual performance of the textile industry are perhaps a representation of the developments in the economy. We will write a custom essay sample on The Consumer Trends of Clothing and Textile Products Falling Under the Second-Hand Category or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now While the UK is not entirely entangled in the Eurozone debt crisis and complications, there are indications that the macroeconomics of the continental pressures plays a role in the definition of market performance. Difficult times for the conventional textile markets in the UK and continued reliance on lower cost alternatives, the environment presents the second-hand fashion markets across the world. Despite the fact that the failure of the conventional market to thrive may be an indicator of a gradual death for the textile industry, market consolation from ideas of a conservationist approach makes the future of second-hand fashion in the UK to look even brighter. This paints the picture of the consumer trends for second-hand fashion since the prevailing economic times directly impacts on the performance of the textile industry (PWC 2010, p20). According to the findings of the report by PWC, western economies that the UK belongs to are experiencing difficult times from 2007 and the future looks bleak.

Physician Assisted Death And Euthanasia - 1450 Words

Physician-assisted death has been a hotly debated subject in the later 20th and early 21st century. The subject of physician-assisted death and euthanasia brings about a multitude of ethical dilemmas and causes people to dig deep into personal morals and self-evaluation. In this paper the different types of euthanasia will be defined, Oregon’s Death with Dignity Act and similar the laws enacted in Washington, Montana, and Vermont will be assessed, and the roles and viewpoints of healthcare professionals will be discussed. Active versus passive euthanasia are two different, albeit arguably similar, ways in which an individual is helped to die. Passive euthanasia involves withholding life-saving medical treatment or removal from life†¦show more content†¦Another type of active euthanasia is â€Å"active voluntary euthanasia (AVE) whereby, upon request by the patient, the physician ends the patient’s life through direct action (e.g., injecting a lethal dose of a drug into a patient)† (Leming Dickinson, 2016) and it is illegal to practice in the United States. Dr. Kevorkian, the famous euthanasia activist and physician was convicted of second degree homicide in 1999, for administering a lethal dose of medication to Thomas Youk, a 52 year old man in the end stages of Lou Gehrigs disease, at the patients request. Oregon passed a law in 1994 making physician-assisted death legal. Oregon’s Death with Dignity Act, Measure 16, was the first of its kind to be passed in the United States. â€Å"The Act would permit adult Oregon residents, who had voluntarily expressed the wish to die, to make a written request for medication for the purpose of ending his or her life in a humane and dignified manner. The patient’s attending physician was required to fulfill a list of responsibilities, including the initial determination of a terminal illness, and had to consult a second physician to confirm the terminal diagnosis† (Purvis , 2012). Additionally patients requesting physician-assisted death must be Oregon residents, be a minimum of 18 years of age, have six or less months to live, and make three separate requests for physician-assisted death, two oral requests (at least fifteen days apart), and

Target Costing Versus Customer Profitability Analysis

Introduction A manufacturing company in Coventry which is using traditional management accounting has asked for advice on improving operational performance. Following we introduce two contemporary developments (target costing and customer profitability analysis) and detailed analyze customer profitability analysis. Target Costing versus Customer Profitability Analysis (CPA) Target costing is an aggressive profit and cost management strategy implemented in the earliest stage of new product development. Different from conventional cost plus pricing methods in which the managers decide the prices based on existing costs. Target costing takes a different approach to identifying the price, profit and effectively control cost. In this process, the functional design and pricing strategy of a new product will be planned before cost and profit accounting. As Figure 1 revealed, based on market research, the analysis of market competition and willingness of target customers in paying each function will be taken as two criterions guiding the design of products. The positioning and pricing should be closely linked to each other in order to engage the product in target groups. Afterwards, with the restriction of price, the profits and costs involved in manufacturing and selling will be balanced. The profit m argin, which is estimated from expected return of investment from shareholders, is an indicator for managers to determine the proportion of profits and costs. Since theShow MoreRelatedEssay on Nissan Motor Company992 Words   |  4 PagesMotor Company – Target Costing System – Extra Question 1 – What is the purpose of Nissan’s target costing system? 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What is Activity Based Costing (ABC)? 1.1 What is ABC and Why should it be used? 1.2 Traditional costing vs ABC 1.3 Activity based costing processes 2. How ABC should be used to manage (Activity based management)? 2.1 When to use ABC? 2.2 How to use ABC for ABM? 2.3 Scoring High - Low value adding activities 2.4 Activity Based Management applications 3. ABC/ABM implementation

Ant Observation Essay Example For Students

Ant Observation Essay The Observation of Ants Introduction Myrmecology has been around since the late 18th and early 19th century. Myrmecology is derived from the Greek word Murmek, which means ant. There are three main names that are most noteworthy: Linne who produced Systemae Naturae which he describes eighteen species of ants. Fabricius created five more genera and further described other species. Latreille was the most significant, he collected and studied the ants of Europe and described many species overlooked by his predecessors. In 1967 a fossil was found that was preserved in amber fossil which showed an extinct species of an ant dating as far back as the Cretaceous Age, near eighty million years ago (as cited in Ant Nest, 2005). Methods/Data The ant farm that was observed was numbered 15. The farm was located in the back of the biology lab room with artificial lighting. The ant farm structure is a clear plastic panel on two sides separated by a very thin space allowing for viewing by the observer, each of the four sides were made of a blue plastic, the inside had a blue fictitious farm looking structure for the convenience of the observer to get into the mental notion of being an ant farm creating a false surface and below ground (surface) appearance. The laboratory room has artificial fluorescent lighting and no windows for natural lighting. Visual observations without touching the plastic structure of the ant farm are to take place during the normal course of each of the six weeks consecutively that I am to be in the laboratory classroom. There are nine ants within the structure of the ant farm. Data is to be collected using the natural observation scientific method. This data is to be taken in note format and be extruded to this written scientific paper for submission. A table plotting a graph of the ant tunnel system and how many have been made has been attached as an exhibit. Results/Discussion During the six weekly visits to the laboratory where viewing of the ant farm was possible I noted ant activities that include the measure of how many ants there are and classified by alive versus dead ants, how many tunnels and to what degree and/or significance they may have to ant colony, then a scale of ant activities classified into several categories to include sleep/rest time viewed during my observation period which was usually around twelve noon each week on Wednesday. These measures taken produced a common schema of these particular common nine reddish colored ants and denoted that their activities had a common collective goal for the greater good of their community (colony). Due to the very limited and structure natural observation viewing schedule the data that has been collected is skewed to this bias. The ants seemed to have a common goal to build a tunneling system that included myriad of tunnels running throughout the ant farm below the artificial surface within the ant farm structure. The ants observed created a total of three homes which appeared as a large opening in the sand below the surface where the ants slept or rested in groups that appeared huddled together. There was no queen ant and only appeared to be worker type of ants that diligently went about the ant business of creating and maintaining the tunneling system. Possibly a better way to view the ant farms would be to either have varying schedules for monitoring the ants by natural observation method. Better yet would be the capacity to view these ants at varying times via the Internet by remote capacity by having the ant farms able to be recorded live through a series of two or more cameras, one of which should have remote control capacity to be able to move about panning from side to side and zoom in and out. .u95b67ec69020fd76b2e0ba29f0525f39 , .u95b67ec69020fd76b2e0ba29f0525f39 .postImageUrl , .u95b67ec69020fd76b2e0ba29f0525f39 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u95b67ec69020fd76b2e0ba29f0525f39 , .u95b67ec69020fd76b2e0ba29f0525f39:hover , .u95b67ec69020fd76b2e0ba29f0525f39:visited , .u95b67ec69020fd76b2e0ba29f0525f39:active { border:0!important; } .u95b67ec69020fd76b2e0ba29f0525f39 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u95b67ec69020fd76b2e0ba29f0525f39 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u95b67ec69020fd76b2e0ba29f0525f39:active , .u95b67ec69020fd76b2e0ba29f0525f39:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u95b67ec69020fd76b2e0ba29f0525f39 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u95b67ec69020fd76b2e0ba29f0525f39 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u95b67ec69020fd76b2e0ba29f0525f39 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u95b67ec69020fd76b2e0ba29f0525f39 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u95b67ec69020fd76b2e0ba29f0525f39:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u95b67ec69020fd76b2e0ba29f0525f39 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u95b67ec69020fd76b2e0ba29f0525f39 .u95b67ec69020fd76b2e0ba29f0525f39-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u95b67ec69020fd76b2e0ba29f0525f39:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Child Abuse Essay Thereby, random samplings of observations can have a larger capacity to fulfill the scientific criteria methods and be more significant in the depth of such a study. References Myrms Ant Nest. Myrmecology Retrieved February 14, 2005, from http://www.antnest.co.uk/index. html .

Flowers Essays - Charlie Pace, Charlie Harper,

Flowers For Algernon By Keyes Test and Key 1. Where is this story set? Future, in western Europe or North America 2. How old are Charlie and Miss Kinnian? 37, and 34. 3. What was the first test Charlie did, and what was it for/ What did Charlie call it? A Rorschach test, which asks the patient to say what he/she thinks of inkblots on cards. This test is to determine if Charlie is intelligent or truly retarded. Charlie called it a raw shok test. 4. How did Charlie do on the test, and why is it important? He sees no inkblots, showing that he has very little advanced thinking. He has little imagination. His brain can't do much difficult thinking, proving that he is "dumb" enough for the test. 5. What was the Thematic Apperception Test? It asked that Charlie look at pictures of people and make up stories about what they are doing in the pictures. This test also proves that Charlie is not very smart. 6. Who is Algernon? How does Charlie race against Algernon? Algernon is a mouse. Charlie is given pictures of a maze that Algernon must run through to get food. Charlie must draw the proper route out of the maze in the picture before Algernon finds it himself. 7. How is Algernon special? Why does Charlie need to do this race? Algernon is 3 times smarter than other mice because he has had an operation. Charlie must race against him now so that after his own operation, the doctors can see how much progress Charlie has made. 8. What is Charlie's IQ before the operation? After? What does the operation do? 68. ~204 to 210. The operation triples intelligence in the subject. 9. How do the two doctors decide if Charlie is right for the experiment? 1. He is mentally retarded. 2. He has motivation (like Algernon, but the mouse wants food), because he works hard to learn. 10. What kind of class does Charlie go to at night? A night school class for adults that are mentally retarded. Miss Kinian is the teacher. 11. Where does Charlie work? What is his job? Who is his boss? He is a janitor at a plastics factory. Mr. Donnegan is his boss. 12. Who are his "friends"? How do they treat him? What does it mean to "do a Charlie Gordon"? Frank and Joe. They make fun of him. When someone makes a mistake or does something stupid, they call it "doing a Charlie Gordon". 13. Who are the two doctors who perform the experiment? What are the differences between them? Dr. Nemur is an unpleasant man who wants to become rich and famous. He is in a rush to publish his experiment as a success. Dr. Strauss is a surgeon who thinks they should wait before they say anything. He is worried about Charlie. 14. What does Dr. Strauss ask Charlie to do while he sleeps? Leave the TV on low so he can learn in his sleep. 15. What happens when Charlie drinks at the party? Joe and Frank get Charlie to "show the girls" how he mops toilets, so they can laugh at him. Charlie gets a little drunk, gets sick, and a policeman brings him home. 16. Who is Charlie's landlady? What nice things does she do for Charlie? She is Mrs. Flynn. She lets him pay his rent late after he gets sick. She worries about him. She brings him food, and tries to encourage him to go out to work again. 17. Give examples of how the reader can tell that Charlie is getting smarter. He beats Algernon in the race. His spelling and writing get better. His dialogue with other people is more intelligent. He reads more and more books, or higher and higher difficulty. His learns several languages. He leans much math and science. He begins to think the doctors aren't that smart. He starts to think other people are boring because they don't understand what he is talking about. He falls in love with Miss Kinnian, seeing her as an equal, not as an old teacher. He studies the Algernon-Gordon Effect. He predicts his own demise. 18. Why does Charlie have so much sympathy for Algernon? Algernon must pass a test every time he wants food, which Charlie thinks is not very kind. 19. What happens with Ellen? What does this make Charlie realize about his "friends"? Joe and Frank get Charlie to dance with Ellen. Everyone watches and someone trips Charlie.

American World War essays

American World War essays Americans fought very had to receive their independence from England. Their determination of self-rule was evident from the very beginning. From early settlement, the colonists gave evidence to this determination. The increase in control of England increased their desire to be treated fairly as English citizens, but England did not give them the feeling of fair treatment. Ever since the beginnings of settlement, England and America had been growing apart. England was still an aristocracy, ruled by men born and bred to a high station in life. The society was one of culture and refinement. Deprived of abundant opportunity at home, the common people accepted a position of dependence rather than independence. But in America, things had gone differently. The society was rather democratic. There were no lords or hereditary officers. The wilderness had attracted men of independent spirit, and the stern conditions of the frontier had bred self-reliance and self-respect. The New World made men enterprising, energetic, and aggressive. The distance between the colonists and England was as equally wide as their political thinking. British statesmen believed that Parliament had complete authority over the colonies. It could make laws for them, tax them and even abolish their elected assemblies. But, patriot leaders in America denied all this. They believed Parliament was bound to respect certain natural rights of man. The colonists did not think Parliament represented them, therefore they did not respect the taxes it imposed. The English leaders, on the other hand, thought members of Parliament looked after the best interests of the whole empire. People all over the world believe that government protects life, liberty, and property. Were it not for government, the world would soon run into all manner of disorders and confusions, (136,Text). The idea that stable and enlightened government could be achieved by ...

Sustainability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Sustainability - Essay Example The new millennium, however subjects sustainability to risks owing to its virility in population and economic growth, in addition to a shrinking supply of natural resources. These have raised an alarm, warning that some changes need to be effected if survival has two guaranteed, and changes which reflect mostly on human behavior. The following study text will develop around the current lifestyle and how it affects sustainability, plus what changes need to be inflicted for it to remain effective and preserved for the future. Contemporary lifestyles are against sustainability. According to â€Å"Sustainable Lifestyles† (10), these lifestyles are producing too much of what is unwanted while hurting the environment and impacting negatively on human living in all aspects. The first context affected is the usage of natural resources which is overwhelming in that water consumption, energy consumption, and raw materials for producing human necessities are drawn from it. This translates to decreasing water and vegetation cover volumes, and sustainability is weakening. Again with the improving economic abilities of people, the number of automobiles on the globe’s roads is approximated at 750 million, which together with the industries dump billions of carbon emissions into the atmosphere, causing extensive damage to the ozone layer. The third factor of concern is the eating habits wherein the globe has turned down healthy eating and taken to unhealthy eating habits which are causing harm to their o wn lives. Unhealthy eating causes health complications such as obesity, which is a leading health disorder today. Worse still, they increase the chances of one contracting Coronary heart diseases, and these affect people who often consume fatty foods or are smokers. In addition to other factors such as lack of exercise and increasing technology, these elements subject sustainability to danger. Whereas the above

A paper about a short story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A paper about a short story - Essay Example the story where he points out that Matman happens to be a voodoo practitioner, he then described some of the rituals that she sometimes performs that cause her to sometimes fall down to the ground and start rolling about under the glowing moon (DeSanto 2013). After conducting these bizarre ritual, Matman would then proceed to walk back to the house to eat. An analysis of this incidence seems to suggest to the reader that to Matman and her family, that the occurrence of such an event is a normal everyday event, this is despite of the fact that such actions would generally be regarded by the larger society as being quite bizarre. DeSanto also undertakes to try and normalize some gruesome incidents in the story and describes how after Lord Invader had attacked and bit the ear of one of the neighborhood boys while he was busy playing a game of basketball, Dà ©dà © had proceeded to beat him out there in the street before leading the dog home. When the boy’s father had turned up at the house, he had insisted on having the dog killed and on his threatening the Dà ©dà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s family, Dà ©dà © had agreed to kill the dog. Dà ©dà © had then slit the dog’s throat during a brief ceremony that had begun with Matman whispering a Haitian death song that quickly turned into howls. After slitting the dog’s throat Dà ©dà © had proceeded to give it a brief eulogy by whispering â€Å"Lawd Invadar. I lahved you† (DeSanto 2012). By the delivery of the rather ordinary eulogy after Dà ©dà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s character had conducted a bizarre ceremony in which he killed his dog, DeSanto is seen to engage in an attempt where he tries to normalize a gruesome event in which a dog is butchered in a bizarre ceremony. The normalization of the bizarre is also seen to be used by DeSanto in his narration of how John took off all his clothes and ran around the neighborhood while only wearing a bone necklace and then proceeded to dig up the remain of Lord Invader in the rain (DeSanto 2012). The humming of a normal tune is

Analyzing Competition Essay Example for Free

Analyzing Competition Essay As 2001 comes to a close, Sa Sa contemplates what else can be done to improve profitability and keep on growing. 1. What were the reasons for Sa Sa’s early success? SA SA was creating value for its customers by providing them with quality products at a fair price. Sa Sa was first of its kind to pioneer the concept of discount store for the cosmetics (create and control). It . did is fast in the initial stages of the business (compete) by making the stores bigger and better from 40 sqft in 1978 to 750 sqft in 1985 to 10 stores in mid 1990s. Sa Sa was able to provide value to its customer by keeping the purchase prices low by using â€Å"parallel importation† and passed saving to the customers. One of the other important factor was Sa Sa listened to its customer demand (which products to stock). Sa Sa allowed the customer to touch and feel the cosmetics products that drove the demand. We also see Sa Sa’s strategy to deter the new entrants by holding onto old location. They controlled the inventory depending on the sales rate and the shelf life of the products. Sa Sa uniquely combined the combined the cosmetics product knowledge to advice the customer and provided the products at lower cost in comfortable environment, thus creating value for the customer for the first time that no one has done before. This is Resource Based View, outcome of which gave Sa Sa a competitive advantage. Sa Sa developed the Core competency: Rare: Sa Sa’s core compentancy was rare until it disclosed it in IPO Valuable –yes customers found it valuable and made Sa Sa an household name. The sales people were one of the best trained in the industry but were poached by the competition. In early days the Sa Sa operated as a family-run culture, help retain them but afte the IPO, when Sa Sa changed strategy to be creating value for the Shareholders hard to imitate: it was not hard to imitate as evidenced by the whole slew of competitier copied once known. non-substitutable-yes, there were various product segments/tiers; Sa Sa focused top brand names Core Products Business Units End products Porters 5 forces: Industry Rivalry: Concentration: Diversity of the Competitors Product Differentiation Excess Capacity Exit Barriers Cost Conditions Supplier Power Threat Of Entry Buyer Power Threat of substitute What changes have occurred in the stores since Sa Sa’s early success? (Not including the strategic issues outlined in Figure A. ) Sa Sa was able to offer the cosmetics at a cheaper prices than competitors combined with the sales team able to help the customers with personal needs and using customer insights to buy/stock the inventories, Sa Sa had built unique value for the customers. Since the IPO, many new competitors (bonjour and rainbow) have entered the market. They are able to copy the core competency that was first developed by Sa Sa. Additionally very well known drugstores (Watson’s and Manning’s), have started offering the cosmetics! Both have used the existing infrastructure and corporate capital resource to position themselves as significant players with 13% annual growth rate. Many departmental stores have tried to differentiate themselves by providing all products from a brand and by offering free beauty advice in the stores. Some have tried to target the Who are Sa Sa’s key competitors? What implications does your assessment have for the decisions that Simon Kwok is facing about the future of Sa Sa? What were the key success factors behind Sa Sa’s story? What do you see as the major challenges and structural threats faced by Sa Sa? Market research. Review the market research data contained in the case. What are the key insights that you can learn from the findings? Assess the strategic initiatives that Sa Sa undertook recently. What are the positives negatives. How is Sa Sa perceived by consumers? What should Sa Sa do next? Whom to target? How should the company position itself against the likes of Bonjour? Other strategic moves?

Say Yes by Tobias Wolff & Bread by Sandra Cisneros :: Race Relationships Love

Say Yes by Tobias Wolff If two people love each other regardless of any difference they may have, then why are there† lots of things to consider†( paragraph 36)? Answer the question within the context of the story. According to the context, the â€Å"lots of things to consider† is referring to the race, background by the husband. In his opinion, beside whether love this person or not, race, ethics background is also a very important factor to consider whether they should marry or not. He stated that if two people are not from the same race, they are not in the same culture, they have different language. People from different race never know each other. Compare the husband’s actions to his wife’s reactions. Are these people understanding each other? If he had said yes, would their relationship have changed? If so, how? From the husband’s action to his wife’s reaction, they didn’t understand each other much even though the husband was trying to show how considerate he is. But he failed to understand what his wife truly wants to hear and wants to see in the conversation on the matter of â€Å"whether white people should marry black people.† In the husband’s view he thinks that it was ridiculous to think this kind of question when his wife asked him whether he will marry her if she were black. He thinks that it will never happen. If it happened, his wife will be another person but not the same her anymore. In his views, as he never think that this two race should get marry, he will not allow himself to fall in love or even date a black girl. He is telling the truth and trying to explaining that to his wife. However he failed to realized that that was not what his wife wanted to hear. In fact from the context we can guessed for his wife, it’s not the greatest m atter on whether white people should marry black people, what she matters is whether they love each other of not. For her, she thinks that if two people love each other, everything can be solved and race is not a big deal. She wants her husband to agree with this and showed that he will love her and marry her no matter what race she is. Bread by Sandra Cisneros This story, in some ways, is about crossing borders.

Analysis of Dr. Martin Luther King’s “I Have a Dream” Speech

Nhat Nguyen Patrick Clayton Cantrell English 1010-051 23 October, 2012 Analysis of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. ’s â€Å"I Have a Dream† Speech Amidst the bigotry and racial violence of the Civil Rights Movement, there stood a shining example of brotherhood, unity, and an undying thirst for equality. In what was known as the March of Washington, an estimated total of 200,000 people of all races—observers estimated that 75–80% of the marchers were black and the rest were  white  and non-black minorities—took to the streets of Washington D.C. on August 28, 1963 in an effort to raise awareness of the ongoing racial injustice in the work field and in everyday life. It was on this momentous day that the great Martin Luther King Jr. , one of the most powerful and influential voices of the Civil Rights Movement, gave one of history’s most memorable speeches. His speech, later came to be known as the â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech, served to b ring into light the injustice experienced daily by the African American population of the United States.In his famous speech, King outlined the racial discrimination and social inequalities that inhabit the great country whose creed explicitly states â€Å"all men are created equal. † This constituted the main purpose of his speech: to encourage and empower the attendees and those at home to challenge the widespread discrimination and the status quo of the time. Bigotry had a stranglehold on all aspects of life during the Civil Rights era. From childhood, racial themes and motifs were embedded into the very being of the child. A plethora of consequences arose from this.Whites usually aged into adulthood with the belief that racial superiority belonged to them because of the color of their skin. Most African Americans, on the other hand, grew up with beliefs very much contradictory to those of their white counterparts. Many aged with the preconceived notion that racial inferio rity accompanied being black. Martin Luther King, in his speech, endeavored to end this narrow-minded approach to race by encouraging his audience to rise above what they once accepted as a social norm and be the light that would lead that generation out of blind hatred for their fellow an. He preached brotherhood and equality and electrified the crowd when he demanded the immediate realization of the â€Å"promises of democracy† (King). He galvanized the crowd to rebel from the dark, secluded â€Å"valley of segregation† and enter into the â€Å"sunlit path of racial justice† (King). He closed this portion of his speech by once again reiterating the importance of immediate action. He called for justice for all of mankind, be they black, white, or any other race.Besides the obvious fact that he was speaking to the audience present, King’s speech was meant for a much broader audience. Specifically, his speech was targeted at those who desired to continue t he economic and social oppression of African Americans. This could clearly be seen when King states, â€Å"And those who hope that the Negro needed to blow off steam and will now be content will have a rude awakening if the nation returns to business as usual† (King). In this sentence, King concentrated his words against â€Å"those. â€Å"Those† are the people who continued to disregard African Americans as equals. King wanted to make it known that he and millions alike would not quit until justice was dealt and democracy rang through the land. In another explicit example, King talks directly to â€Å"those† again. â€Å"There are those who are asking the devotees of civil rights, ‘When will you be satisfied? ’† (King). He goes on to answer this question by saying that he and other civil rights activists will never be satisfied so long as injustice and discrimination remain a synonymous part of the United States’ culture.He ensured t he people whose intentions were to physically, mentally, and economically deter African Americans that America will not experience rest or tranquility until all black men, women, and children are granted their rights as citizens. The speech was as much a message to those oppressed as it was to the oppressors. Martin Luther King’s speech was well formatted with respect to harmony, with each prior point flowing harmoniously into the next. It was organized into two halves.The first half portrayed American society as a cesspool of intolerance, racism, and close-mindedness, and it also revealed the incongruence between the themes of the American Dream and the suffering of African Americans. In the first half of the speech, King called for action to alleviate these overriding themes in American society. In his â€Å"now is the time† paragraph, King emphasized to the audience that the time for action is now and rejected gradualism. In his â€Å"we can never be satisfied† paragraph, he set the conditions that must be met before he and others like him can rest.The second half of the speech depicted the dream of a fairer, more perfect union, free from the shackles of segregation and racial discord. In the most memorable part of the speech, Martin Luther King famously stopped reading from his written speech and began to speak earnestly of his â€Å"dream† concerning the future of America. In the part of the speech that became its namesake, King repeatedly bellows the phrase, â€Å"I have a dream† (King). In a brief 3-minute period, King gave one of history’s most beautiful pieces of rhetoric, summoning boisterous cheers from the masses of people.King concluded his masterpiece by articulating to the crowd his vision of a democratic America, emancipated from the chains of prejudice. His dream was that individuals from all corners of society—different in color, culture, and beliefs—could one day gather together in unit y with respect for one another. His comprehensive use of metaphors, imagery, and repetition served to persuade the audience to remain optimistic and faithful in the face of prejudice and despair. He appealed greatly to the crowd’s sense emotion and logic.He also masterfully used anaphora and allusions on several occasions in his moving speech. From under the shadow of the Lincoln Memorial, King fittingly began his speech alluding to Lincoln’s famous Gettysburg Address. He started by saying â€Å"five score years ago† (King). This assisted in setting the mood for the rest of the speech and was particularly poignant since King was speaking from the steps on the Lincoln Memorial. King also alluded to the Declaration of Independence when speaking of â€Å"the unalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. This allusion powerfully reiterated America’s promise to all her people. There are several allusions to Biblical passages in the speech . Perhaps one of the most notable was when King warned the oppressors of civil rights that he and everyone who challenged discrimination will never surrender until â€Å"justice rolls down like waters, and righteousness like a mighty stream† (King). This was reference to Amos 5:24. It appealed impressively to the audience’s emotions, stirring up shouts of â€Å"hallelujah† within the crowd. Metaphors were used throughout the speech to help emphasize and sometimes exaggerate the ppression experienced by the African American population during that era. King frequently compared discrimination to a desolate valley and the path to racial justice as a â€Å"sunlit† one. He would often describe oppression as a searing heat to intensify the pain that it caused. He described African Americans’ poor economic position as a â€Å"lonely island of prosperity  in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity† (King). This helped accentuate the situat ion that African Americans were in. King incorporated anaphora and repetition in his speech in order to stress the importance of key themes.One of the lesser known anaphora used was King’s repetition of â€Å"one hundred years later† (King). Here, King referred to the fact that 100 years after the signing of the Emancipation Proclamation, his people are still hampered by the weight of inequality. He repeated the phrase â€Å"now is the time† (King) in an attempt to inspire the audience to act immediately and to demand change that instance. The most famous and most often cited anaphora used was the repetition of the phrase â€Å"I have a dream† (King) In that passage King revealed his vision of a better tomorrow for America.He stated that even though he faces difficulties, he still maintained that dream. This helped to strengthen this portion of his speech tremendously. On August 28, 1963, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. gave one of history’s most beauti fully executed pieces of rhetoric. The language incorporated in the speech helped convey King’s message to America: challenge discrimination and the status quo and strive for an equal society. This will live on as one of King’s greatest contributions to the advancement of civil rights. Today, it remains a significant part of King’s legacy.

Efficient Market Hypothesis - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3071 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Analytical essay Level High school Did you like this example? Literature Review 2.0 Introduction In order to better understand the origin and the idea behind the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH), the first section deals with an overview of the EMH. Section 2 deals with the Random Walk Model which is a close counterpart of the EMH. We then have examine the different degrees of information efficiency that exist, namely the weak form efficiency, semi-strong form efficiency and the strong form efficiency. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Efficient Market Hypothesis" essay for you Create order In section 4, we have a brief overview of the different types of statistical tests that have been used in the literature to examine the weak form efficiency. Section 5 explains the implications of efficient markets for investors. Section 6 2.1 Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) The concept of efficiency is one of the essential concepts in finance. Market efficiency is a term used in many different contexts with many different meanings. Market efficiency involves three related concepts- allocation efficiency, operational efficiency and informational efficiency. * Allocation efficiency: A characteristic of an efficient market in which capital is allocated in a way that benefits all participants. It occurs when organizations in the public and private sectors can obtain funding for the projects that will be the most profitable, thereby promoting economic growth * Operational efficiency: A marketcondition that exists when participants can execute transactions and receive services at a price that fairly equates to the actual costs required to provide them.Economists use this term to describe the way resources are employed to facilitate the operation of the market. It is usually desirable that markets carry out their operations at as low a cost as possible . * Information efficiency: The actual market price of a share should reflect its intrinsic value. Information efficiency implies that the observed market price of a security reflect all information relevant to the pricing of the security. The investor can manage to earn merely a risk-adjusted return from his investment, as prices move instantaneously and in an unbiased manner to any news. The efficiency in the market for financial assets and assets returns refers here to the information efficiency and should not be confused with the other types of efficiency. As explained by Rahman and Hossain (2006): For a stock market to be efficient, stock prices must always fully reflect all relevant and available information. This definition can be expressed as ÃÆ'† Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢(Ri,t, Rj,t ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ | ÃÆ' Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  M t-1) = ÃÆ'† Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢( Ri,t, Rj,t ÃÆ' ¢ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ | ÃÆ' Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  M t-1, ÃÆ' Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  a t-1), where ÃÆ'† Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢(.) = a probability distribution function, Ri,t = the return on security i in period t, ÃÆ' Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  M t-1 = the information set used by the market at t ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ 1, ÃÆ' Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  a t-1 = the specific information item placed in the public domain at t ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ 1. This equation has two important implications. 1. Specific information item at t-1 (ÃÆ' Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  a t-1) cannot be used to earn non zero abnormal return. 2. When a new information item is added to the information set ÃÆ' Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  M, it is instantaneously reflected on market prices. The concept of market efficiency was first introduced by Bachelier (1900). Since then, there has been many studies like Working (1934), Cowles and Jones (1937), Kendall (1953), Cootner (1964). However it was Fama (1965) who first used termed it as ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"efficient marketÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ . Fama (1970) later stated the sufficient but not necessary conditions for efficiency: i. there are no transaction costs in trading securities; ii. all available information is costlessly available to all market participants, and iii. all agree on the implications of current information for the current price and distributions of future prices of each security He also identified three degrees of informational efficiency namely the weak form, the semi-strong form and the strong form. 2.2 Random Walk Model (RWM) The Random Walk Model is a close counterpart of the Efficient Market Hypothesis. The model was originally examined by Kendall (1953). It states that stock price fluctuations are independent of each other and have the same probability distribution. Thus the Random Walk theory suggests that stock price change randomly, making it impossible to predict stock prices. The Random Walk Model is linked to the belief that markets are efficient and that investors cannot beat or predict the market because stock prices reflect all available information and the new information arises randomly. As mentioned in Fama (1970) the two hypotheses constituting the Random Walk Model , that is (i) successive price changes are independent and (ii) successive changes are identically distributed, are implicitly assumed in the Efficient Market Hypothesis. The Random Walk Model is in direct opposition to technical analysis, which suggests that a stocks future price can be forecasted based on historical info rmation through observing chart patterns and technical indicators. 2.3 3 Forms of Market Efficiency 2.3.1 Weak-Form Efficiency Fama (1970) stipulates that no investor can earn excess returns by formulating trading strategies based on historical price or return information in a weak-form efficient market. The weak-form efficiency thus assumes that the price of a stock fully reflects all information contained in past prices, that is the historical sequence of prices, rate of returns and other historical market information. A weak-form efficient market implies that it is of no use to engage in technical analysis that use past prices alone to find undervalued stocks. In order to test whether past share prices can be used to predict future share prices( that is, weak-form efficiency), statistical or econometric tests can be used. These studies seek to study the evolution of share prices from one period to the next period and try to detect correlation between the successive price changes. Technical analysts study the evolution of past share prices, with the aim of predicting share prices to make gains. 2.3.2 Semi-Strong Form Efficiency Fama (1970) described the semi-strong form efficiency as one where share price fully reflect all information contained not only in past prices but all public information. All public information includes capital market information as used in the weak form Efficient Market Hypothesis(EMH) as well as non-market information such as earnings, dividend announcements, price earnings ratio, information about the economy and political news (Reilly1997). New public information is almost instantaneously integrated in share price and the share price is adjusted so as to reflect the true value of the share. This means that an investor cannot use public information to generate gains on the stock market. In order to test for semi-strong form efficiency, event studies are often used. These event studies are performed by analyzing the effect of the release of new public information on the share price. If the market is semi-strong form efficient, the new public information ( for example annual re ports, earning announcement or dividend announcement) is instantaneously integrated in the share price, so as to reflect the intrinsic value of the share. New information can be both good or bad. Thus they can cause increases or decreases at their release. 2.3.3 Strong Form Efficiency Under strong form efficiency, the current price reflects all information, public as well as private. Private information, in this context, means information not yet published. On the stock market, there are professionals (for example security analysts, fund managers) who have private as well as public information. Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) assumes that no investor has monopolistic access to any information. This means that as new public and private information is released, it is incorporated in share price to reflect its true value. An investor will not be able to consistently find undervalued or overvalued shares and make gains on the strong form efficient market. Fama (1970) perceives a strong form efficient market as one where investors are not expected to earn excess returns by relying on inside information. To test whether past share prices, public and private information can used to predict future share prices, the investment records and gains generated by professi onal investors are often studied. Investors should not be consistently able to make gains by using public and private information. At all moments, the share prices incorporate all public and private information to reflect the true value of the shares. 2.4 Statistical Tests to examine validity of Weak-Form EMH In order to examine the validity of the weak form efficiency, a number of statistical tests have been used in the literature. These tests can be categorized into two groups: i. Using mechanical trading rules also known as filter rules. These rules test for the possibility of non-linear dependence existing in the price data. Filter rules were first used by S.A Alexander (1961) and later Fama and Blume (1966) added to the literature. Professor Alexanders filter techniques attempts to apply a sophisticated criteria to identify movements in stock prices. An x percent filter is defined as follows: If the daily closing price of a particular security moves up at least x percent, buy and hold the security until its price moves down at least x percent from a subsequent high, then sell and go short (Fama and Blume, 1966). The short position is then maintained until the daily closing price rises at least x percent above a subsequent low when one is going to cover and buy. Moves less tha n x percent in either direction are ignored. ii. Statistical tests of independence between successive price changes. Serial autocorrelation tests and run tests are among the most popular tests. Some of the researches in this field use Spectral Analysis which decomposes a time series into a spectrum of cycles of different length. This spectral decomposition of a time series yield a spectral density function that measures the contribution of each of the frequency bands to the overall variance of the times series. There is also a relatively new test introduced by Lo and Mackinlay (1988), it is called the Variance Ratio which is based on the heteroscedasticity problem. The basic idea behind the Lo and Mackinlay (1988) variance-ratios test is that if a natural logarithm of a time series is a pure random walk, then, the variance of its k-differences in a finite sample grows linearly with the difference, Let (pt) denote a time series consisting of T observations p1,p2,ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â ‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦,pT of asset returns. Then, the variance-ratio of the k-th difference, VR(k), is defined as: VR(k)= ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢2(k)/ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢2(1) where, VR(k) is the variance-ratio of the shares returns k-th differences; ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢2(k) is the unbiased estimator of 1/k of the variance of the shares returns k-th differences, under the null hypothesis; ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢2(1) is the variance of the first-differenced share returns series, and k is the number of days of base observations interval or lag (Ntim et al. ,2007). 2.5 Implications of EMH Market efficiency has important implications for both investors and authorities. If a market is inefficient, investors should doubt the ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"hold the marketÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  strategy and should try to ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"beat the marketÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ . While the authorities on their part should restructure the stock market by enacting effective law and enhancing financial media. The graph below shows the effect of EMH on stock prices. The straight line shows the reaction under EMH while the dotted lines show the over-reaction and under-reaction that occur with the existence of market imperfections. If a market is efficient, investors: 1. should not worry about investment analysis. They should rather concentrate on holding a well diversified portfolio. Investors holding an inefficient diversified portfolio will be exposed to risk which could be avoided and for which they will not be rewarded. In other words, the market only provides return for systematic risk, while specific risks have to be diversified away. 2. Should adopt a buy and hold policy once they have established their portfolios. This is because there is no advantage in changing from one group of securities to another. By doing this, there would be transaction costs which they would have to incur and as a result, the risk-adjusted return would be affected. Altering the composition of a portfolio can only be justified a) if the risk exposure has changed due to relative changes in the market value of the constituent securities. b) if tax payments can be minimized. Other implications of EMH are: * Price changes are random and unpredictable * Investors are not easily fooled by the glossy financial reports or ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“creative accounting techniques * Timing of new issues of securities are not important since prices represent the intrinsic and will reflect the degree of ris k in the share. Thus under EMH neither fundamental nor technical analysis can be used to achieve superior gains. Investors should concentrate on constructing and holding efficiently diversified portfolios. 2.6 Empirical Evidences Based on the literature, it can be seen that there are two competing schools of thoughts about market efficiency. The first school argues that markets are efficient and as a result, returns cannot be predicted. For example early studies (Working, 1934; Kendall, 1943, 1953; Cootner, 1962; Osborne, 1962; Fama, 1965) on developed markets support the weak form efficiency of the market with a low degree of serial correlation and transaction cost. The studies in this school of thought, support the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) and show that price changes could not be used to forecast future price changes, especially after transaction costs were taken into account. The second school, on the other hand, provides empirical evidence of ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“anomalies that contradict the theory of efficient markets. Some of these studies are Summers (1986), Keim (1988), Fama and French (1988), Lo and MacKinlay (1988) and Poterba and Summers (1988). They found some ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“anomalies, which could not be explained by the theory of Fama (1965). Some of the market anomalies that they found are:  · January Effect/Turn of The Year Effect Stock returns are usually abnormally high during the first few days of January. The January effect occurs because many investors choose to sell some of their stock right before the end of the year in order to claim a capital loss for tax purposes. Then they quickly reinvest their money after the new year, causing stock prices to rise. Rozeff and Kinney (1976) was among the first to prove this market anomaly. Rozeff and Kinney (1976) methodology gives smaller companies greater relative influence than would be true in value-weighted indices where large firms dominate. Subsequent researches (Reinganum, 1983; Roll, 1983, among others) later confirm that the January effect is a small cap phenomenon.  · Size Effect/Small Firm Effect The Size Effect is the tendency for firms with a small market capitalization to outperform larger companies over the long term. For example Banz (1981) and Reinganum (1981) showed that small-capitalization firms on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) earned a return in excess of what would be predicted by the Sharpe (1964) ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ Linter (1965) capital asset-pricing model (CAPM) from 1936-1975. However as mentioned by G.W. Schwert(2003, p.943), it seems that the small-firm anomaly has disappeared since the initial publication of the papers that discovered it. Alternatively, the differential risk premium for small-capitalization stocks has decreased over the years.  · Weekend Effect/Day of The Week Effect This is a phenomenon in which stock returns on Mondays are often significantly lower than those of the immediately preceding Friday. French (1890) observed this anomaly. He noted that the average return to the Standard and Poors (SP) Composite Portfolio was reliably negative over weekends in the periods 1953-1977. Again, like the size effect, the weekend effect seems to have disappeared, or at least substantially attenuated, since it was first documented in 1980.  · Value Effect/Price Earnings Ratio Effect The value effect refers to the tendency for stocks with low price earnings ratio to outperform portfolios consisting of stocks with a high price earnings ratio. Basu (1977) shows that investors holding low price earnings ratio portfolio earned higher returns. The existence of market anomalies have important implications. If stock returns do not follow a random process, then it is possible to design profitable trading strategies based on historical information 2.6.1 Empirical Evidences from Developing Countries Despite the large number of empirical studies that have been conducted to test the validity of the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) in developed countries with booming financial markets, studies to support or dispute the efficiency or inefficiency of the African stock markets are quite limited. There is a small number of empirical studies analyzing emerging African equity markets with regards to weak form of market efficiency test. While some of these studies have analysed single markets ( e.g. Samuels and Yacout 1981; Parkinson 1984; Ayadi 1984; Dickinson and Muragu 1994; Osei 1998; Olowe 1999; Mecagni and Sourial 1999; Asal 2000; Adelegan, 2004; Dewotor and Gborglah, 2004; Ntim et al., 2007), others have analysed groups of countries (e.g. Claessens et al., 1995; Magnusson and Wydick, 2002; Smith et al., 2002; Appiah-Kusi and Menya, 2003; Simons and Laryea, 2004; Jefferis and Smith, 2005). However, while there are only a few empirical studies, their conclusions as to the effic iency and predictability of future stock returns have been mixed. For example Dickinson and Muragu (1994) shows that the Kenyan stock market is weak form efficient, in contrast to the results of Parkinson (1984). Also, most of the existing studies made use of conventional weak form testing techniques such as serial correlation tests. Samuels and Yacout (1981) and Parkinson (1984) were among the first to use serial correlation tests to examine the weak form efficiency on the African continent. Samuels and Yacout analysed the weak form market efficiency in weekly price series of 21 listed Nigerian firms from 1977 to 1979 and provided empirical evidence that the market was efficient. Parkinson on his part, analysed monthly price series of 30 listed Kenyan firms from 1974 to 1978 and rejected the weak form efficiency. Dickinson and Muragu (1994) reinvestigated the Kenyan market by applying run and serial correlation tests to weekly stock price series of 30 listed companies on the Nai robi Stock Exchange and their results were in contrast with Parkinson (1984). They demonstrated that successive price changes are independent of each other for the majority of the companies investigated. Most of the developing countries suffer from the problem of thin trading (Mlambo and Biekpe, 2005). The problems caused by thin trading have been widely acknowledged in financial market researches (e.g., Dimson, 1979; Cohen et al. ,1983; Butler and Simonds, 1987; Lo and Mackinlay, 1990a and b; Bowie, 1994; Muthuswamy and Whaley, 1994) . Fisher (1966) who was the first to identify the bias caused by thin trading in the serial correlation of index returns, explained that recorded prices of securities are not necessarily equal to their underlying theoretical values. This is because when a share does not trade, the price recorded remains the closing price when the share was last traded. However, while most of the African stock markets suffer from thin trading, many existing studie s fail to adjust for thin trading. For example recent studies conducted on the Stock Exchange of Mauritius (Appiah-Kusi and Menya, 2003 and Simons and Laryes, 2004) made used of conventional techniques and did not adjust for thin trading. Other studies (Kabba, 1998; Roux and Gilberson, 1978 and Poshawale, 1996) which have examined the behavior of stock price and rejected the weak-form efficiency, have explained that the inefficiency might be due to delay in operations and high transaction cost, thinness of trading and illiquidity in the market.