tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-61659477251370832942024-03-13T00:00:40.483-07:00International studies research topicsAnnahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11620159154595507274noreply@blogger.comBlogger246125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6165947725137083294.post-60201142050614613612020-08-27T13:56:00.001-07:002020-08-27T13:56:05.296-07:00What the Hell Is It all About Essay ExampleWhat the heck Is It about Essay What the heck Does everything Mean? People contrast from some other species on the earth. Our boss mind gives us a colossal thinking limit that tests the profundities of human presence. This insight is firmly interwoven with our otherworldliness, our irrelevant part that looks for answers from something past ourselves. Since the commencement of human presence, God attempted to uncover himself to and build up a relationship with his kin, the zenith of his creation. The Old Testament narratives the tale of Gods individuals, the Israelites. God picked these individuals to uncover himself to all countries. The Bible accounts this story just as works that came out of this timespan. A segment of these compositions is known as Wisdom Literature from which comes the book of Ecclesiastes. Many have discussed the benefit of remembering Ecclesiastes for the ordinance as a result of its evident paganism. In any case, in the wake of assessing the book, Peter Kreeft in his book Three Philosophies of Life, considers Ecclesiastes the incredible of all books of theory (15). The substance, rationale, and character of Ecclesiastes checks this case. As a matter of first importance we have to characterize reasoning. Regularly, Just the word evokes mages of old, robed men stroking their streaming white whiskers and considering profound inquiries. We additionally may consider colleges where teachers and understudies hold courses and discussions. Most nonintellectuals presumably recoil at the notice of the word as a result of these very pictures. Indeed, even the different word references emphatically partner reasoning with the scholarly world. The New Oxford American Dictionary characterizes theory as the investigation of the major idea of information, reality, and presence, esp. hen considered as a scholastic order. The derivation likewise onnotes theory as an elevated scholarly term; the word begins from the Greek word philosophia which implies the affection for intelligence. One definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, nonetheless, uncovers a more profound, increasingly close to home significance of theory by chara cterizing it as the most fundamental convictions, ideas, and mentalities of an individual or gathering. Regardless of whether we understand it or not, we as a whole live out of our individual way of thinking. Our convictions shape our choices, objectives, and discernments. We will compose a custom article test on What the Hell Is It about explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on What the Hell Is It about explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on What the Hell Is It about explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer In this way, reasoning isn't Just for the erudite person. It additionally includes the basic man since t some point everyone needs to respond to lifes extreme inquiry of significance. Obviously, theory is additionally a scholastic control, and we have to deal with this when naming Ecclesiastes as the best way of thinking book at any point composed. Pundits frequently excuse Ecclesiastes as the feeble ramblings of an elderly person, apparently King Solomon. The creator doesn't utilize an exacting structure to introduce his thoughts, an exceptionally esteemed control in the conventional investigation of theory. Along these lines, he frequently appears to meander aimlessly and now and again even adjusts his perspective. Rather than giving his musings lean, target approach, he includes a lot of feeling. Every one of these protests contain some authentic focuses, yet we have to think about the essential characteristics for incredible way of thinking. Is the significance and splendor of a way of thinking basically estimated by the structure wherein it is introduced? Is the perfect and expressive strategy for rationale actually the best? Anyway essential and great, the accentuation on structure in present day reasoning has moved our concentrate away from the real substance of the inquiry. Maybe this overemphasis on torm came as a way ot maintaining a strategic distance from the truth ot the consuming inquiry that requests an answerthe question of significance. Without universal structure or thoughtfulness, Solomon faces this extreme inquiry of human presence with terrible trustworthiness. This is theory that deals with the real world. This is extraordinary way of thinking. Ecclesiastes presents the world and our human presence as basically good for nothing. As the earth turns and spins amidst an immense, twirling universe for who knows how long, we are conceived. All through out our quite a few years of presence, we experience some delight and appreciate life now and again, yet ordinarily we feel more torment than happiness. Indeed, even our happiness in the end gets toilsome. Everything that we see inclines toward a condition of confusion. We want the joy of life and oppose the torment, yet following a few brief years, the law of entropy unleashes destruction on our physical bodies and we kick the bucket. Why? What is the point? The misery of this circumstance requests a fair answer. Solomon presents his contention for inaneness in a coherent structure, as opposed to the cases of numerous pundits. The structure is less unequivocal than most and altogether different than the unbending structure created by the Greeks and utilized by current savants. The writer composes incoherently now and again, yet this very isjointedness in structure splendidly presents his contention for the unimportance of life. As Kreeft stated, The books meandering aimlessly is conscious, for this structure impeccably communicates its substance, its message: that life meanders aimlessly to no place. Its structure is unified with its substance: the trial of extraordinary verse (24). We frequently credit the Greeks for building up the type of legitimate argumentation. In spite of the fact that Solomon existed some time before the Greeks, he utilized a similar essential structure to build up his overwhelming, yet entirely obvious end result about a definitive pointlessness of life. At the center of all rationale ies a logic that offers two expressions and makes a determination. Kreeft presents the accompanying logic: All work is under the sun. And all under the sun is vanity. Along these lines, all drudge is vanity. (35) Before offering these expressions about drudge and vanity, Solomon explored different avenues regarding each in an intelligent manner and recorded his discoveries in the book (Kreeft 37). Above all else he explored different avenues regarding intelligence, yet before long found that knowledge just brings up a bigger number of issues than what it can reply. Insight didn't fulfill on the grounds that it clarified nothing. It simply attested that everything was in certainty useless. Which means can't be found in considering futile things. By denying otherworldly reality and decreasing people to absolutely physical bits of issue, existentialism affirms this fact. Information, since it originates from simply physical angles, is not, at this point reliable. Solomon recognized this vanity after his trial with astuteness. After intelligence Solomon explored different avenues regarding debauchery, the audacious quest for joy. Numerous cutting edge, naturalistic methods of reasoning that preclude the presence from claiming God advocate this methodology towards discovering meaning. Since no endless significance exists, individuals look for mmediate joy. Some burn through for their entire lives seeking after wealth and distinction. Others go to medications or sex for their rushes. Solomon recorded his experimentation with delight and reasoned that joy is basically unimportant. Delight consistently requires expanded measurements, and numerous individuals bite the dust totally unsatisfied. Living for the second essentially dodges the frightening inquiry of death. Ruler Solomon increased huge force that most people just dream about. As ruler at the peak ot Israels rule ne controlled exchange which gathered extraordinary wealth tor him and the realm. In light of his political status he could wed for all intents and purposes any lady that he wanted. Solomon had full oversight over his pleasure. Kreeft states that force is more extensive than delight since it incorporates control over joy (41). Solomon encountered this total force, yet at the same time he mourned the triviality of life. After childishly seeking after delight for himself looking for importance, Solomon surrendered and went to charity believing that sharing his products would bring his life a feeling of worth. Solomon before long acknowledged, however, that sharing his insignificant things basically spread aimlessness to others. Numerous cutting edge famous people and businessmen attempt this technique for discovering reason. By offering millions to great aims they figure their lives will have meaning. The postmodern age look for significant Jobs rather than simply well-paying Jobs. In spite of the fact that these endeavors are acceptable in numerous regards, they stay deficient. By tending to the mission for significance in a momentary sense a definitive inquiry stays disregarded. At long last, Solomon tried different things with religion. He recognized that God existed and that God made the world and its kin. Be that as it may, even this affirmation neglected to fulfill his journey for reason. At a certain point Solomon even recognized that God gives riches, assets, and respect, with the goal that he needs nothing of all that he wants, yet in a melancholy end he expressed that God doesn't give him influence to appreciate them, however an outsider appreciates them (Holy Bible. Ecc. 6. 2). Solomon came near reality here, however he neglected to see a precise image of God. Rather than considering God to be the solution to his inquiry, he only considered God to be an unoriginal power. He at that point presumed that living in such a state is additionally totally Solomons shocking end legitimately shows that life in itself is vain. ssentially trivial. We live for obscure causes. At long last we just live to endure, however nature thinks about this craving and snuffs out our lives following a couple of years. Why even battle for endurance if presence is excruciating anyw?ay? No objective answer exists. For reasons unknown, be that as it may, human instinct backlashes in light of this distressing evaluation of presence. We were intended for considerably more. A definitive delight and enormity of Ecclesiastes when contrasted with other way of thinking books originates from its portrayal of an individual battle. All the inquiries of reasoning in the long run need to get individual. This customizing of the inquiries grounds them actually. It is simple for reasoning to get Annahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11620159154595507274noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6165947725137083294.post-15341238240814393102020-08-22T12:06:00.001-07:002020-08-22T12:06:29.720-07:00Media in Nepal After Democracy Essay ExampleMedia in Nepal After Democracy Essay Example Media in Nepal After Democracy Essay Media in Nepal After Democracy Essay Media in Nepal after Democracy - Narendra Maharjan After the Restoration of vote based system in 2046 B. S. an extreme change came in the Nepali Media especially in the private part. Liberal arrangement and assurance of press opportunity cherished in the constitution opened up roads for the private part to include on media division. The 2046s vote based system yielded by the Peoples Movement likewise settled rights and opportunity of the press. After the achievement of people groups development, new constitution (Nepals constitution 2047 B. S. ) has ensured the press opportunity and right to data to individuals. It was broadly commended. Wide effect of this arrangement has been seen to the media division. Political and different areas have additionally been profited by this opportunity. This arrangement energized the media area drawing tremendous interest in media. Media got proficient and it was acknowledged as the business of the nation. Ideological groups turned out to be free and Political exercises accelerated. Prior to this, individuals can not envision TV run by private segment. TV and Radio in private segment began and are going on. Off set press came into utilization and because of the openness of PC media turned out to be excessively cutting-edge. So there was a good situation to create proficient reporting in Nepal. Kantipur and The Kathmandu Post, the main expansive sheet national dailies from private division were distributed in 2049 Falgun seventh. Because of the notoriety in the brief timeframe numerous other broadsheet dailies came out. Some of them supported and some went out from the sight. During this period online news-casting additionally came out and due to the PC it was conceivable to peruse the paper and to hear the radio in PC. Because of rivalry in media and advancement of innovation, concurrent distributions were likewise begun to get distributed. Nepal Samacharpatra began to distribute from Biratnagar since 2058 B. S. , Baisakh. In like manner, Kantipur began since 2061 B. S. Ashar from Bharatpur. Paper distributions were likewise gazed from outside the nation. For instance Nepal Samacharpatra started its distributing from Doha, Qatar since 2062 Ashad, despite the fact that it couldn't support for quite a while. Presently Kantipur and Rajdhani dailies have their week after week distribution from Doha yet not concurrent. Paper distribution in various dialects was begun and going on. Noteworthy changes have happened in radio telecom after 2047 B. S. what's more, adio Nepal has begun to communicate the news administration in 20 unique dialects. New flood of FM broadcasting from non government and private segment has gotten critical activity in South Asia. Private stations in TV came into the light. Channel Nepal, Kantipur TV, Image began their administration. New discussion on remote interest in media and multi media proprietors hip is on. The FMs development is noteworthy in this period and it is going on in another tallness. There appeared the miserable picture in Nepalese media during the Maoist Conflict, State of Emergency and during the time of direct standard by the ruler Gynendra. During the main State of Emergency (26 Nov 2001-29 Aug 2002), writers were killed, some of them by the security powers and not many by the agitators and few were captured and tormented in different manners from the two sides. Nepali news coverage endured a ton while it pursued an enormous battle against the Kings direct standard. The Nepali press experienced most noticeably awful type of concealment the state and furthermore didn't stay unapproachable from the dangers, deterrents and brutality from the agitators. Nepal was described as the universes greatest jail for the writers. The legislature implemented different prohibitive and questionable laws that controlled press opportunity as the people groups right to data regardless of the way that the countries constitution ensured full press opportunity. Private part press was exposed to intense oversight and FM radio broadcasts have been completely prohibited to communicate news and current undertaking programs. Papers were asked by the legislature not to print any material on security activity or Maoist insurrection without examining the realities from the Army. Most papers outside Kathmandu have endured terrorizing or discretionary suspension at the request for District specialists. Because of preclusion on news and news-based projects over private radio broadcasts and exacting oversight even on TV channels, a few media administrations either shut or shortened projects and eased staff individuals. Individuals were totally denied from right to data and other social equality, for example, option to free development inside the nation and opportunity of articulation and of assessment. During Peoples Movement II, Nepali press assumed a significant job against rulers system. It battled for the opportunity of press and majority rule government. Because of its commitment to the popular government Nepali press is respected among the general public and government itself additionally made the good air to practice press opportunity. After the reclamation of Democracy in year 2062 B. S. ( 2006 AD), a noteworthy year for Nepali governmental issues, it is seen that the countrys media confronted huge provocation and check; anyway it contributed enough in taking the nation back to popularity based way being a piece of the 2006 April Uprising. Ever following the rebuilding of popular government and joining of Comprehensive Peace Accord between the Nepali government and CPN (Maoist), an agitator power, Nepali media and media laborers didn't observer a murmur of help and relief from the severe assaults and unmitigated infringement of press opportunity executed by the state, CPN (Maoist) including other disturbing gatherings. The declaration of Right to Information Act-2064, Working Journalist Act-2064 (Second Amendment) and protected assurance of opportunity of press and articulation in the Interim Constitution-2064 have been the wonderful accomplishments yielded in Nepali press. During the Terai development propelled by Terai-based different disturbing gatherings and gatherings, Nepali media saw another misfortune as it was controlled and various occurrences of assault and abomination in the arrangement of political encounter and conflict emitted in the Tarai district. To put it plainly, there is still requirement for Nepali Media to wage battle for their expert and physical wellbeing just as to build up opportunity of press and of articulation in Nepal. End Nepals governmental issues today remains at the go across street of history. Notwithstanding harmony accord, break constitution and Constituent Assembly political decision gridlock and political vulnerability win all around. The current political pattern is unmistakably progressively antagonistic towards the media opportunity and the guideline of autonomous media as political entertainers are carrying on in pre-harmony accord period and looking for imposing business model of intensity than shared conviction for compromise, financial changes and convenient proclamation of new constitution. The media isn't just getting political, its getting related to either party or with either energized bunches in governmental issues and getting feeble in basic zones of community training. In this specific circumstance, by what means can they dispassionately report about numerous sacred issues, federalism, mix of Maoist warriors in gainful existence of society, economy, legal freedom, self-sufficiency of administration, international strategy, land changes and so forth and empower residents to practice their contemplated decision? The primary concern is Media ought to be impartial and unprejudiced. References : www. nepalpressfreedom. organization www. martinchautari. organization. np Annahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11620159154595507274noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6165947725137083294.post-42443540685735776152020-08-21T09:48:00.001-07:002020-08-21T09:48:14.903-07:00Important Points to Be Remembered While Selecting UBC Personal Profile Essay SamplesImportant Points to Be Remembered While Selecting UBC Personal Profile Essay SamplesLooking for the UBC personal profile essay samples? This is the easiest way to research. First, you must understand that all the colleges, universities, and other educational institutions have different requirements to appear in their program.This means that the profiles they publish on their website might not be the same as the profile essays. Hence, you must look into the submission process of the schools that you are interested in.It is also good to know about the kind of profile essays they will give you to submit to the universities. The basic one is a short and very simple one. It may be based on the main idea of the school or perhaps it is focused on a specific topic. Some essays are also based on a subject that is not related to the main topic, like one based on literary works.The most popular format today is the one that is more analytical. These will usually ask you to write an essay that de als with a subject from a research point of view. It will also include writing about the achievements or any other evidence that can support your claims. The essay you will get from UBC personal profile essay samples will be different from the one that you will get from another university.They usually give sample essays written by international students so that they can better understand how your achievements can match with what they expect from you when applying for an international student. The thing that you must remember is that not all students will meet the same expectations.Write as if you were speaking. Try to write slowly, clear and clearly. Remember that you have to focus on what you want to say and not on trying to sound intelligent and eloquent.Write as if you were sitting in front of a mirror and are telling them about yourself. You may have spent hours studying your hair or clothes or any other aspect of your appearance. At this stage, you cannot change your appearance anymore, but you can still learn how to do the right things for yourself.For the students that are at their school for the first time, it is also a good idea to read about UBC profile essay samples. Find out how the class is structured and how they teach the students. This will give you an idea of what to expect from your professors, your classmates, and what kinds of assignments you can expect to do. Annahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11620159154595507274noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6165947725137083294.post-60281333473419641522020-05-25T20:09:00.001-07:002020-05-25T20:09:05.750-07:00The Consumer Trends of Clothing and Textile Products Falling Under the Second-Hand Category Free Essay Example, 3750 words UK s fashion market is increasingly inclined to the online platform according to recent observable market trends reported by Mintel (2011, para. 1). According to the report, fashion consumers using online platforms for their shopping solutions and is expected to continue to record higher figures in the future due to the use of the internet for market needs. However, the report notes that over 20 per cent of the internet surfers in search of fashion shopping information in the UK did not end up buying the fashion products. Whereas shoppers continue to flock the online platform in the UK, there are mixed fortunes in the actual consumption of fashion products due to a number of factors. According to general fashion consumption in the UK, there is a continued reduction in sales figures particularly towards 2011 due to obvious economic reasons (Monk 2011, p6). Perhaps the recorded unsuccessful online shopping by fashion consumers will continue for a while as occasioned by the economic ti me in which Europe continues to be entangled in. The mixed fortunes in the actual performance of the textile industry are perhaps a representation of the developments in the economy. We will write a custom essay sample on The Consumer Trends of Clothing and Textile Products Falling Under the Second-Hand Category or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now While the UK is not entirely entangled in the Eurozone debt crisis and complications, there are indications that the macroeconomics of the continental pressures plays a role in the definition of market performance. Difficult times for the conventional textile markets in the UK and continued reliance on lower cost alternatives, the environment presents the second-hand fashion markets across the world. Despite the fact that the failure of the conventional market to thrive may be an indicator of a gradual death for the textile industry, market consolation from ideas of a conservationist approach makes the future of second-hand fashion in the UK to look even brighter. This paints the picture of the consumer trends for second-hand fashion since the prevailing economic times directly impacts on the performance of the textile industry (PWC 2010, p20). According to the findings of the report by PWC, western economies that the UK belongs to are experiencing difficult times from 2007 and the future looks bleak. Annahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11620159154595507274noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6165947725137083294.post-75831067494335978792020-05-15T02:29:00.001-07:002020-05-15T02:29:04.649-07:00Physician Assisted Death And Euthanasia - 1450 Words Physician-assisted death has been a hotly debated subject in the later 20th and early 21st century. The subject of physician-assisted death and euthanasia brings about a multitude of ethical dilemmas and causes people to dig deep into personal morals and self-evaluation. In this paper the different types of euthanasia will be defined, Oregonââ¬â¢s Death with Dignity Act and similar the laws enacted in Washington, Montana, and Vermont will be assessed, and the roles and viewpoints of healthcare professionals will be discussed. Active versus passive euthanasia are two different, albeit arguably similar, ways in which an individual is helped to die. Passive euthanasia involves withholding life-saving medical treatment or removal from lifeâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Another type of active euthanasia is ââ¬Å"active voluntary euthanasia (AVE) whereby, upon request by the patient, the physician ends the patientââ¬â¢s life through direct action (e.g., injecting a lethal dose of a drug into a patient)â⬠(Leming Dickinson, 2016) and it is illegal to practice in the United States. Dr. Kevorkian, the famous euthanasia activist and physician was convicted of second degree homicide in 1999, for administering a lethal dose of medication to Thomas Youk, a 52 year old man in the end stages of Lou Gehrigs disease, at the patients request. Oregon passed a law in 1994 making physician-assisted death legal. Oregonââ¬â¢s Death with Dignity Act, Measure 16, was the first of its kind to be passed in the United States. ââ¬Å"The Act would permit adult Oregon residents, who had voluntarily expressed the wish to die, to make a written request for medication for the purpose of ending his or her life in a humane and dignified manner. The patientââ¬â¢s attending physician was required to fulfill a list of responsibilities, including the initial determination of a terminal illness, and had to consult a second physician to confirm the terminal diagnosisâ⬠(Purvis , 2012). Additionally patients requesting physician-assisted death must be Oregon residents, be a minimum of 18 years of age, have six or less months to live, and make three separate requests for physician-assisted death, two oral requests (at least fifteen days apart), and Annahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11620159154595507274noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6165947725137083294.post-62607445488244089132020-05-06T16:01:00.001-07:002020-05-06T16:01:03.898-07:00Target Costing Versus Customer Profitability Analysis Introduction A manufacturing company in Coventry which is using traditional management accounting has asked for advice on improving operational performance. Following we introduce two contemporary developments (target costing and customer profitability analysis) and detailed analyze customer profitability analysis. Target Costing versus Customer Profitability Analysis (CPA) Target costing is an aggressive profit and cost management strategy implemented in the earliest stage of new product development. Different from conventional cost plus pricing methods in which the managers decide the prices based on existing costs. Target costing takes a different approach to identifying the price, profit and effectively control cost. In this process, the functional design and pricing strategy of a new product will be planned before cost and profit accounting. As Figure 1 revealed, based on market research, the analysis of market competition and willingness of target customers in paying each function will be taken as two criterions guiding the design of products. The positioning and pricing should be closely linked to each other in order to engage the product in target groups. Afterwards, with the restriction of price, the profits and costs involved in manufacturing and selling will be balanced. The profit m argin, which is estimated from expected return of investment from shareholders, is an indicator for managers to determine the proportion of profits and costs. Since theShow MoreRelatedEssay on Nissan Motor Company992 Words à |à 4 PagesMotor Company ââ¬â Target Costing System ââ¬â Extra Question 1 ââ¬â What is the purpose of Nissanââ¬â¢s target costing system? Nissan deployed target costing system to achieve following benefits Systematic approach: The purpose of the target costing system is to have a systematic procedure to manage costs for new product introductions in order to allow them to earn the necessary profit margin to meet corporate profitability objectives. Customer Orientation: Target costing promotes customer focused ratherRead MoreAcc 206 Final1520 Words à |à 7 Pagesfashion, with the expected end target being to triple the current levels. The plan is to push sales into the targeted range of $3 million within 3 years versus the current amount which sits at $1.2 million. We will identify the perceived risk factors that may impact this aggressive strategy and its successful execution. The following will be those risk factors: i. Risk of product not meeting customer demands/expectations ii. Acceptability risk of customers with the new product being released Read MoreAbc System26363 Words à |à 106 PagesC H A P T E R F I V E INTRODUCTION TO COST MANAGEMENT Activity-Based Costing and Management After studying this chapter, you should be able to . . . 1. Explain the strategic role of activity-based costing 2. Describe activity-based costing (ABC), the steps in developing an ABC system, and the beneï ¬ ts and limitations of an ABC system 3. Determine product costs under both the volume-based method and the activity-based method and contrast the two 4. 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What is Activity Based Costing (ABC)? 1.1 What is ABC and Why should it be used? 1.2 Traditional costing vs ABC 1.3 Activity based costing processes 2. How ABC should be used to manage (Activity based management)? 2.1 When to use ABC? 2.2 How to use ABC for ABM? 2.3 Scoring High - Low value adding activities 2.4 Activity Based Management applications 3. ABC/ABM implementation Annahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11620159154595507274noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6165947725137083294.post-32669750354011236312020-05-05T18:27:00.001-07:002020-05-05T18:27:25.884-07:00Ant Observation Essay Example For Students Ant Observation Essay The Observation of Ants Introduction Myrmecology has been around since the late 18th and early 19th century. Myrmecology is derived from the Greek word Murmek, which means ant. There are three main names that are most noteworthy: Linne who produced Systemae Naturae which he describes eighteen species of ants. Fabricius created five more genera and further described other species. Latreille was the most significant, he collected and studied the ants of Europe and described many species overlooked by his predecessors. In 1967 a fossil was found that was preserved in amber fossil which showed an extinct species of an ant dating as far back as the Cretaceous Age, near eighty million years ago (as cited in Ant Nest, 2005). Methods/Data The ant farm that was observed was numbered 15. The farm was located in the back of the biology lab room with artificial lighting. The ant farm structure is a clear plastic panel on two sides separated by a very thin space allowing for viewing by the observer, each of the four sides were made of a blue plastic, the inside had a blue fictitious farm looking structure for the convenience of the observer to get into the mental notion of being an ant farm creating a false surface and below ground (surface) appearance. The laboratory room has artificial fluorescent lighting and no windows for natural lighting. Visual observations without touching the plastic structure of the ant farm are to take place during the normal course of each of the six weeks consecutively that I am to be in the laboratory classroom. There are nine ants within the structure of the ant farm. Data is to be collected using the natural observation scientific method. This data is to be taken in note format and be extruded to this written scientific paper for submission. A table plotting a graph of the ant tunnel system and how many have been made has been attached as an exhibit. Results/Discussion During the six weekly visits to the laboratory where viewing of the ant farm was possible I noted ant activities that include the measure of how many ants there are and classified by alive versus dead ants, how many tunnels and to what degree and/or significance they may have to ant colony, then a scale of ant activities classified into several categories to include sleep/rest time viewed during my observation period which was usually around twelve noon each week on Wednesday. These measures taken produced a common schema of these particular common nine reddish colored ants and denoted that their activities had a common collective goal for the greater good of their community (colony). Due to the very limited and structure natural observation viewing schedule the data that has been collected is skewed to this bias. The ants seemed to have a common goal to build a tunneling system that included myriad of tunnels running throughout the ant farm below the artificial surface within the ant farm structure. The ants observed created a total of three homes which appeared as a large opening in the sand below the surface where the ants slept or rested in groups that appeared huddled together. There was no queen ant and only appeared to be worker type of ants that diligently went about the ant business of creating and maintaining the tunneling system. Possibly a better way to view the ant farms would be to either have varying schedules for monitoring the ants by natural observation method. Better yet would be the capacity to view these ants at varying times via the Internet by remote capacity by having the ant farms able to be recorded live through a series of two or more cameras, one of which should have remote control capacity to be able to move about panning from side to side and zoom in and out. .u95b67ec69020fd76b2e0ba29f0525f39 , .u95b67ec69020fd76b2e0ba29f0525f39 .postImageUrl , .u95b67ec69020fd76b2e0ba29f0525f39 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u95b67ec69020fd76b2e0ba29f0525f39 , .u95b67ec69020fd76b2e0ba29f0525f39:hover , .u95b67ec69020fd76b2e0ba29f0525f39:visited , .u95b67ec69020fd76b2e0ba29f0525f39:active { border:0!important; } .u95b67ec69020fd76b2e0ba29f0525f39 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u95b67ec69020fd76b2e0ba29f0525f39 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u95b67ec69020fd76b2e0ba29f0525f39:active , .u95b67ec69020fd76b2e0ba29f0525f39:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u95b67ec69020fd76b2e0ba29f0525f39 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u95b67ec69020fd76b2e0ba29f0525f39 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u95b67ec69020fd76b2e0ba29f0525f39 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u95b67ec69020fd76b2e0ba29f0525f39 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u95b67ec69020fd76b2e0ba29f0525f39:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u95b67ec69020fd76b2e0ba29f0525f39 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u95b67ec69020fd76b2e0ba29f0525f39 .u95b67ec69020fd76b2e0ba29f0525f39-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u95b67ec69020fd76b2e0ba29f0525f39:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Child Abuse Essay Thereby, random samplings of observations can have a larger capacity to fulfill the scientific criteria methods and be more significant in the depth of such a study. References Myrms Ant Nest. Myrmecology Retrieved February 14, 2005, from http://www.antnest.co.uk/index. html . Annahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11620159154595507274noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6165947725137083294.post-48070862220084218142020-04-12T00:57:00.001-07:002020-04-12T00:57:02.876-07:00Flowers Essays - Charlie Pace, Charlie Harper, Flowers For Algernon By Keyes Test and Key 1. Where is this story set? Future, in western Europe or North America 2. How old are Charlie and Miss Kinnian? 37, and 34. 3. What was the first test Charlie did, and what was it for/ What did Charlie call it? A Rorschach test, which asks the patient to say what he/she thinks of inkblots on cards. This test is to determine if Charlie is intelligent or truly retarded. Charlie called it a raw shok test. 4. How did Charlie do on the test, and why is it important? He sees no inkblots, showing that he has very little advanced thinking. He has little imagination. His brain can't do much difficult thinking, proving that he is "dumb" enough for the test. 5. What was the Thematic Apperception Test? It asked that Charlie look at pictures of people and make up stories about what they are doing in the pictures. This test also proves that Charlie is not very smart. 6. Who is Algernon? How does Charlie race against Algernon? Algernon is a mouse. Charlie is given pictures of a maze that Algernon must run through to get food. Charlie must draw the proper route out of the maze in the picture before Algernon finds it himself. 7. How is Algernon special? Why does Charlie need to do this race? Algernon is 3 times smarter than other mice because he has had an operation. Charlie must race against him now so that after his own operation, the doctors can see how much progress Charlie has made. 8. What is Charlie's IQ before the operation? After? What does the operation do? 68. ~204 to 210. The operation triples intelligence in the subject. 9. How do the two doctors decide if Charlie is right for the experiment? 1. He is mentally retarded. 2. He has motivation (like Algernon, but the mouse wants food), because he works hard to learn. 10. What kind of class does Charlie go to at night? A night school class for adults that are mentally retarded. Miss Kinian is the teacher. 11. Where does Charlie work? What is his job? Who is his boss? He is a janitor at a plastics factory. Mr. Donnegan is his boss. 12. Who are his "friends"? How do they treat him? What does it mean to "do a Charlie Gordon"? Frank and Joe. They make fun of him. When someone makes a mistake or does something stupid, they call it "doing a Charlie Gordon". 13. Who are the two doctors who perform the experiment? What are the differences between them? Dr. Nemur is an unpleasant man who wants to become rich and famous. He is in a rush to publish his experiment as a success. Dr. Strauss is a surgeon who thinks they should wait before they say anything. He is worried about Charlie. 14. What does Dr. Strauss ask Charlie to do while he sleeps? Leave the TV on low so he can learn in his sleep. 15. What happens when Charlie drinks at the party? Joe and Frank get Charlie to "show the girls" how he mops toilets, so they can laugh at him. Charlie gets a little drunk, gets sick, and a policeman brings him home. 16. Who is Charlie's landlady? What nice things does she do for Charlie? She is Mrs. Flynn. She lets him pay his rent late after he gets sick. She worries about him. She brings him food, and tries to encourage him to go out to work again. 17. Give examples of how the reader can tell that Charlie is getting smarter. He beats Algernon in the race. His spelling and writing get better. His dialogue with other people is more intelligent. He reads more and more books, or higher and higher difficulty. His learns several languages. He leans much math and science. He begins to think the doctors aren't that smart. He starts to think other people are boring because they don't understand what he is talking about. He falls in love with Miss Kinnian, seeing her as an equal, not as an old teacher. He studies the Algernon-Gordon Effect. He predicts his own demise. 18. Why does Charlie have so much sympathy for Algernon? Algernon must pass a test every time he wants food, which Charlie thinks is not very kind. 19. What happens with Ellen? What does this make Charlie realize about his "friends"? Joe and Frank get Charlie to dance with Ellen. Everyone watches and someone trips Charlie. Annahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11620159154595507274noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6165947725137083294.post-55662029413975246442020-03-10T14:30:00.001-07:002020-03-10T14:30:03.513-07:00American World War essaysAmerican World War essays Americans fought very had to receive their independence from England. Their determination of self-rule was evident from the very beginning. From early settlement, the colonists gave evidence to this determination. The increase in control of England increased their desire to be treated fairly as English citizens, but England did not give them the feeling of fair treatment. Ever since the beginnings of settlement, England and America had been growing apart. England was still an aristocracy, ruled by men born and bred to a high station in life. The society was one of culture and refinement. Deprived of abundant opportunity at home, the common people accepted a position of dependence rather than independence. But in America, things had gone differently. The society was rather democratic. There were no lords or hereditary officers. The wilderness had attracted men of independent spirit, and the stern conditions of the frontier had bred self-reliance and self-respect. The New World made men enterprising, energetic, and aggressive. The distance between the colonists and England was as equally wide as their political thinking. British statesmen believed that Parliament had complete authority over the colonies. It could make laws for them, tax them and even abolish their elected assemblies. But, patriot leaders in America denied all this. They believed Parliament was bound to respect certain natural rights of man. The colonists did not think Parliament represented them, therefore they did not respect the taxes it imposed. The English leaders, on the other hand, thought members of Parliament looked after the best interests of the whole empire. People all over the world believe that government protects life, liberty, and property. Were it not for government, the world would soon run into all manner of disorders and confusions, (136,Text). The idea that stable and enlightened government could be achieved by ... Annahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11620159154595507274noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6165947725137083294.post-63962996611074326302020-02-23T04:56:00.001-08:002020-02-23T04:56:02.505-08:00Sustainability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1Sustainability - Essay Example The new millennium, however subjects sustainability to risks owing to its virility in population and economic growth, in addition to a shrinking supply of natural resources. These have raised an alarm, warning that some changes need to be effected if survival has two guaranteed, and changes which reflect mostly on human behavior. The following study text will develop around the current lifestyle and how it affects sustainability, plus what changes need to be inflicted for it to remain effective and preserved for the future. Contemporary lifestyles are against sustainability. According to ââ¬Å"Sustainable Lifestylesâ⬠(10), these lifestyles are producing too much of what is unwanted while hurting the environment and impacting negatively on human living in all aspects. The first context affected is the usage of natural resources which is overwhelming in that water consumption, energy consumption, and raw materials for producing human necessities are drawn from it. This translates to decreasing water and vegetation cover volumes, and sustainability is weakening. Again with the improving economic abilities of people, the number of automobiles on the globeââ¬â¢s roads is approximated at 750 million, which together with the industries dump billions of carbon emissions into the atmosphere, causing extensive damage to the ozone layer. The third factor of concern is the eating habits wherein the globe has turned down healthy eating and taken to unhealthy eating habits which are causing harm to their o wn lives. Unhealthy eating causes health complications such as obesity, which is a leading health disorder today. Worse still, they increase the chances of one contracting Coronary heart diseases, and these affect people who often consume fatty foods or are smokers. In addition to other factors such as lack of exercise and increasing technology, these elements subject sustainability to danger. Whereas the above Annahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11620159154595507274noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6165947725137083294.post-91965191365430339422020-02-06T21:41:00.001-08:002020-02-06T21:41:02.592-08:00A paper about a short story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 wordsA paper about a short story - Essay Example the story where he points out that Matman happens to be a voodoo practitioner, he then described some of the rituals that she sometimes performs that cause her to sometimes fall down to the ground and start rolling about under the glowing moon (DeSanto 2013). After conducting these bizarre ritual, Matman would then proceed to walk back to the house to eat. An analysis of this incidence seems to suggest to the reader that to Matman and her family, that the occurrence of such an event is a normal everyday event, this is despite of the fact that such actions would generally be regarded by the larger society as being quite bizarre. DeSanto also undertakes to try and normalize some gruesome incidents in the story and describes how after Lord Invader had attacked and bit the ear of one of the neighborhood boys while he was busy playing a game of basketball, Dà ©dà © had proceeded to beat him out there in the street before leading the dog home. When the boyââ¬â¢s father had turned up at the house, he had insisted on having the dog killed and on his threatening the Dà ©dà ©Ã¢â¬â¢s family, Dà ©dà © had agreed to kill the dog. Dà ©dà © had then slit the dogââ¬â¢s throat during a brief ceremony that had begun with Matman whispering a Haitian death song that quickly turned into howls. After slitting the dogââ¬â¢s throat Dà ©dà © had proceeded to give it a brief eulogy by whispering ââ¬Å"Lawd Invadar. I lahved youâ⬠(DeSanto 2012). By the delivery of the rather ordinary eulogy after Dà ©dà ©Ã¢â¬â¢s character had conducted a bizarre ceremony in which he killed his dog, DeSanto is seen to engage in an attempt where he tries to normalize a gruesome event in which a dog is butchered in a bizarre ceremony. The normalization of the bizarre is also seen to be used by DeSanto in his narration of how John took off all his clothes and ran around the neighborhood while only wearing a bone necklace and then proceeded to dig up the remain of Lord Invader in the rain (DeSanto 2012). The humming of a normal tune is Annahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11620159154595507274noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6165947725137083294.post-76648564644739009822020-01-29T01:11:00.001-08:002020-01-29T01:11:04.981-08:00Analyzing Competition Essay Example for Free Analyzing Competition Essay As 2001 comes to a close, Sa Sa contemplates what else can be done to improve profitability and keep on growing. 1. What were the reasons for Sa Saââ¬â¢s early success? SA SA was creating value for its customers by providing them with quality products at a fair price. Sa Sa was first of its kind to pioneer the concept of discount store for the cosmetics (create and control). It . did is fast in the initial stages of the business (compete) by making the stores bigger and better from 40 sqft in 1978 to 750 sqft in 1985 to 10 stores in mid 1990s. Sa Sa was able to provide value to its customer by keeping the purchase prices low by using ââ¬Å"parallel importationâ⬠and passed saving to the customers. One of the other important factor was Sa Sa listened to its customer demand (which products to stock). Sa Sa allowed the customer to touch and feel the cosmetics products that drove the demand. We also see Sa Saââ¬â¢s strategy to deter the new entrants by holding onto old location. They controlled the inventory depending on the sales rate and the shelf life of the products. Sa Sa uniquely combined the combined the cosmetics product knowledge to advice the customer and provided the products at lower cost in comfortable environment, thus creating value for the customer for the first time that no one has done before. This is Resource Based View, outcome of which gave Sa Sa a competitive advantage. Sa Sa developed the Core competency: Rare: Sa Saââ¬â¢s core compentancy was rare until it disclosed it in IPO Valuable ââ¬âyes customers found it valuable and made Sa Sa an household name. The sales people were one of the best trained in the industry but were poached by the competition. In early days the Sa Sa operated as a family-run culture, help retain them but afte the IPO, when Sa Sa changed strategy to be creating value for the Shareholders hard to imitate: it was not hard to imitate as evidenced by the whole slew of competitier copied once known. non-substitutable-yes, there were various product segments/tiers; Sa Sa focused top brand names Core Products Business Units End products Porters 5 forces: Industry Rivalry: Concentration: Diversity of the Competitors Product Differentiation Excess Capacity Exit Barriers Cost Conditions Supplier Power Threat Of Entry Buyer Power Threat of substitute What changes have occurred in the stores since Sa Saââ¬â¢s early success? (Not including the strategic issues outlined in Figure A. ) Sa Sa was able to offer the cosmetics at a cheaper prices than competitors combined with the sales team able to help the customers with personal needs and using customer insights to buy/stock the inventories, Sa Sa had built unique value for the customers. Since the IPO, many new competitors (bonjour and rainbow) have entered the market. They are able to copy the core competency that was first developed by Sa Sa. Additionally very well known drugstores (Watsonââ¬â¢s and Manningââ¬â¢s), have started offering the cosmetics! Both have used the existing infrastructure and corporate capital resource to position themselves as significant players with 13% annual growth rate. Many departmental stores have tried to differentiate themselves by providing all products from a brand and by offering free beauty advice in the stores. Some have tried to target the Who are Sa Saââ¬â¢s key competitors? What implications does your assessment have for the decisions that Simon Kwok is facing about the future of Sa Sa? What were the key success factors behind Sa Saââ¬â¢s story? What do you see as the major challenges and structural threats faced by Sa Sa? Market research. Review the market research data contained in the case. What are the key insights that you can learn from the findings? Assess the strategic initiatives that Sa Sa undertook recently. What are the positives negatives. How is Sa Sa perceived by consumers? What should Sa Sa do next? Whom to target? How should the company position itself against the likes of Bonjour? Other strategic moves? Annahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11620159154595507274noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6165947725137083294.post-34936314694552314172020-01-20T21:33:00.001-08:002020-01-20T21:33:03.221-08:00Say Yes by Tobias Wolff & Bread by Sandra Cisneros :: Race Relationships Love Say Yes by Tobias Wolff If two people love each other regardless of any difference they may have, then why are thereâ⬠lots of things to considerâ⬠( paragraph 36)? Answer the question within the context of the story. According to the context, the ââ¬Å"lots of things to considerâ⬠is referring to the race, background by the husband. In his opinion, beside whether love this person or not, race, ethics background is also a very important factor to consider whether they should marry or not. He stated that if two people are not from the same race, they are not in the same culture, they have different language. People from different race never know each other. Compare the husbandââ¬â¢s actions to his wifeââ¬â¢s reactions. Are these people understanding each other? If he had said yes, would their relationship have changed? If so, how? From the husbandââ¬â¢s action to his wifeââ¬â¢s reaction, they didnââ¬â¢t understand each other much even though the husband was trying to show how considerate he is. But he failed to understand what his wife truly wants to hear and wants to see in the conversation on the matter of ââ¬Å"whether white people should marry black people.â⬠In the husbandââ¬â¢s view he thinks that it was ridiculous to think this kind of question when his wife asked him whether he will marry her if she were black. He thinks that it will never happen. If it happened, his wife will be another person but not the same her anymore. In his views, as he never think that this two race should get marry, he will not allow himself to fall in love or even date a black girl. He is telling the truth and trying to explaining that to his wife. However he failed to realized that that was not what his wife wanted to hear. In fact from the context we can guessed for his wife, itââ¬â¢s not the greatest m atter on whether white people should marry black people, what she matters is whether they love each other of not. For her, she thinks that if two people love each other, everything can be solved and race is not a big deal. She wants her husband to agree with this and showed that he will love her and marry her no matter what race she is. Bread by Sandra Cisneros This story, in some ways, is about crossing borders. Annahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11620159154595507274noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6165947725137083294.post-1866003644820291842020-01-12T17:57:00.001-08:002020-01-12T17:57:03.208-08:00Analysis of Dr. Martin Luther King’s “I Have a Dream” SpeechNhat Nguyen Patrick Clayton Cantrell English 1010-051 23 October, 2012 Analysis of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. ââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"I Have a Dreamâ⬠Speech Amidst the bigotry and racial violence of the Civil Rights Movement, there stood a shining example of brotherhood, unity, and an undying thirst for equality. In what was known as the March of Washington, an estimated total of 200,000 people of all racesââ¬âobservers estimated that 75ââ¬â80% of the marchers were black and the rest wereà whiteà and non-black minoritiesââ¬âtook to the streets of Washington D.C. on August 28, 1963 in an effort to raise awareness of the ongoing racial injustice in the work field and in everyday life. It was on this momentous day that the great Martin Luther King Jr. , one of the most powerful and influential voices of the Civil Rights Movement, gave one of historyââ¬â¢s most memorable speeches. His speech, later came to be known as the ââ¬Å"I Have a Dreamâ⬠speech, served to b ring into light the injustice experienced daily by the African American population of the United States.In his famous speech, King outlined the racial discrimination and social inequalities that inhabit the great country whose creed explicitly states ââ¬Å"all men are created equal. â⬠This constituted the main purpose of his speech: to encourage and empower the attendees and those at home to challenge the widespread discrimination and the status quo of the time. Bigotry had a stranglehold on all aspects of life during the Civil Rights era. From childhood, racial themes and motifs were embedded into the very being of the child. A plethora of consequences arose from this.Whites usually aged into adulthood with the belief that racial superiority belonged to them because of the color of their skin. Most African Americans, on the other hand, grew up with beliefs very much contradictory to those of their white counterparts. Many aged with the preconceived notion that racial inferio rity accompanied being black. Martin Luther King, in his speech, endeavored to end this narrow-minded approach to race by encouraging his audience to rise above what they once accepted as a social norm and be the light that would lead that generation out of blind hatred for their fellow an. He preached brotherhood and equality and electrified the crowd when he demanded the immediate realization of the ââ¬Å"promises of democracyâ⬠(King). He galvanized the crowd to rebel from the dark, secluded ââ¬Å"valley of segregationâ⬠and enter into the ââ¬Å"sunlit path of racial justiceâ⬠(King). He closed this portion of his speech by once again reiterating the importance of immediate action. He called for justice for all of mankind, be they black, white, or any other race.Besides the obvious fact that he was speaking to the audience present, Kingââ¬â¢s speech was meant for a much broader audience. Specifically, his speech was targeted at those who desired to continue t he economic and social oppression of African Americans. This could clearly be seen when King states, ââ¬Å"And those who hope that the Negro needed to blow off steam and will now be content will have a rude awakening if the nation returns to business as usualâ⬠(King). In this sentence, King concentrated his words against ââ¬Å"those. ââ¬Å"Thoseâ⬠are the people who continued to disregard African Americans as equals. King wanted to make it known that he and millions alike would not quit until justice was dealt and democracy rang through the land. In another explicit example, King talks directly to ââ¬Å"thoseâ⬠again. ââ¬Å"There are those who are asking the devotees of civil rights, ââ¬ËWhen will you be satisfied? ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬ (King). He goes on to answer this question by saying that he and other civil rights activists will never be satisfied so long as injustice and discrimination remain a synonymous part of the United Statesââ¬â¢ culture.He ensured t he people whose intentions were to physically, mentally, and economically deter African Americans that America will not experience rest or tranquility until all black men, women, and children are granted their rights as citizens. The speech was as much a message to those oppressed as it was to the oppressors. Martin Luther Kingââ¬â¢s speech was well formatted with respect to harmony, with each prior point flowing harmoniously into the next. It was organized into two halves.The first half portrayed American society as a cesspool of intolerance, racism, and close-mindedness, and it also revealed the incongruence between the themes of the American Dream and the suffering of African Americans. In the first half of the speech, King called for action to alleviate these overriding themes in American society. In his ââ¬Å"now is the timeâ⬠paragraph, King emphasized to the audience that the time for action is now and rejected gradualism. In his ââ¬Å"we can never be satisfiedâ⬠paragraph, he set the conditions that must be met before he and others like him can rest.The second half of the speech depicted the dream of a fairer, more perfect union, free from the shackles of segregation and racial discord. In the most memorable part of the speech, Martin Luther King famously stopped reading from his written speech and began to speak earnestly of his ââ¬Å"dreamâ⬠concerning the future of America. In the part of the speech that became its namesake, King repeatedly bellows the phrase, ââ¬Å"I have a dreamâ⬠(King). In a brief 3-minute period, King gave one of historyââ¬â¢s most beautiful pieces of rhetoric, summoning boisterous cheers from the masses of people.King concluded his masterpiece by articulating to the crowd his vision of a democratic America, emancipated from the chains of prejudice. His dream was that individuals from all corners of societyââ¬âdifferent in color, culture, and beliefsââ¬âcould one day gather together in unit y with respect for one another. His comprehensive use of metaphors, imagery, and repetition served to persuade the audience to remain optimistic and faithful in the face of prejudice and despair. He appealed greatly to the crowdââ¬â¢s sense emotion and logic.He also masterfully used anaphora and allusions on several occasions in his moving speech. From under the shadow of the Lincoln Memorial, King fittingly began his speech alluding to Lincolnââ¬â¢s famous Gettysburg Address. He started by saying ââ¬Å"five score years agoâ⬠(King). This assisted in setting the mood for the rest of the speech and was particularly poignant since King was speaking from the steps on the Lincoln Memorial. King also alluded to the Declaration of Independence when speaking of ââ¬Å"the unalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. This allusion powerfully reiterated Americaââ¬â¢s promise to all her people. There are several allusions to Biblical passages in the speech . Perhaps one of the most notable was when King warned the oppressors of civil rights that he and everyone who challenged discrimination will never surrender until ââ¬Å"justice rolls down like waters, and righteousness like a mighty streamâ⬠(King). This was reference to Amos 5:24. It appealed impressively to the audienceââ¬â¢s emotions, stirring up shouts of ââ¬Å"hallelujahâ⬠within the crowd. Metaphors were used throughout the speech to help emphasize and sometimes exaggerate the ppression experienced by the African American population during that era. King frequently compared discrimination to a desolate valley and the path to racial justice as a ââ¬Å"sunlitâ⬠one. He would often describe oppression as a searing heat to intensify the pain that it caused. He described African Americansââ¬â¢ poor economic position as a ââ¬Å"lonely island of prosperityà in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperityâ⬠(King). This helped accentuate the situat ion that African Americans were in. King incorporated anaphora and repetition in his speech in order to stress the importance of key themes.One of the lesser known anaphora used was Kingââ¬â¢s repetition of ââ¬Å"one hundred years laterâ⬠(King). Here, King referred to the fact that 100 years after the signing of the Emancipation Proclamation, his people are still hampered by the weight of inequality. He repeated the phrase ââ¬Å"now is the timeâ⬠(King) in an attempt to inspire the audience to act immediately and to demand change that instance. The most famous and most often cited anaphora used was the repetition of the phrase ââ¬Å"I have a dreamâ⬠(King) In that passage King revealed his vision of a better tomorrow for America.He stated that even though he faces difficulties, he still maintained that dream. This helped to strengthen this portion of his speech tremendously. On August 28, 1963, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. gave one of historyââ¬â¢s most beauti fully executed pieces of rhetoric. The language incorporated in the speech helped convey Kingââ¬â¢s message to America: challenge discrimination and the status quo and strive for an equal society. This will live on as one of Kingââ¬â¢s greatest contributions to the advancement of civil rights. Today, it remains a significant part of Kingââ¬â¢s legacy. Annahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11620159154595507274noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6165947725137083294.post-18394007256294431192020-01-04T14:20:00.001-08:002020-01-04T14:20:04.481-08:00Efficient Market Hypothesis - Free Essay Example Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3071 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Analytical essay Level High school Did you like this example? Literature Review 2.0 Introduction In order to better understand the origin and the idea behind the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH), the first section deals with an overview of the EMH. Section 2 deals with the Random Walk Model which is a close counterpart of the EMH. We then have examine the different degrees of information efficiency that exist, namely the weak form efficiency, semi-strong form efficiency and the strong form efficiency. Donââ¬â¢t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Efficient Market Hypothesis" essay for you Create order In section 4, we have a brief overview of the different types of statistical tests that have been used in the literature to examine the weak form efficiency. Section 5 explains the implications of efficient markets for investors. Section 6 2.1 Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) The concept of efficiency is one of the essential concepts in finance. Market efficiency is a term used in many different contexts with many different meanings. Market efficiency involves three related concepts- allocation efficiency, operational efficiency and informational efficiency. * Allocation efficiency: A characteristic of an efficient market in which capital is allocated in a way that benefits all participants. It occurs when organizations in the public and private sectors can obtain funding for the projects that will be the most profitable, thereby promoting economic growth * Operational efficiency: A marketcondition that exists when participants can execute transactions and receive services at a price that fairly equates to the actual costs required to provide them.Economists use this term to describe the way resources are employed to facilitate the operation of the market. It is usually desirable that markets carry out their operations at as low a cost as possible . * Information efficiency: The actual market price of a share should reflect its intrinsic value. Information efficiency implies that the observed market price of a security reflect all information relevant to the pricing of the security. The investor can manage to earn merely a risk-adjusted return from his investment, as prices move instantaneously and in an unbiased manner to any news. The efficiency in the market for financial assets and assets returns refers here to the information efficiency and should not be confused with the other types of efficiency. As explained by Rahman and Hossain (2006): For a stock market to be efficient, stock prices must always fully reflect all relevant and available information. This definition can be expressed as ÃÆ'â⬠à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢(Ri,t, Rj,t ÃÆ'à ¢Ã ¢Ã¢â¬Å¡Ã ¬Ãâà ¦ ÃÆ'à ¢Ã ¢Ã¢â¬Å¡Ã ¬Ãâà ¦ ÃÆ'à ¢Ã ¢Ã¢â¬Å¡Ã ¬Ãâà ¦ | ÃÆ'à à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã M t-1) = ÃÆ'â⬠à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢( Ri,t, Rj,t ÃÆ'à ¢ à ¢Ã¢â¬Å¡Ã ¬Ãâà ¦ ÃÆ'à ¢Ã ¢Ã¢â¬Å¡Ã ¬Ãâà ¦ ÃÆ'à ¢Ã ¢Ã¢â¬Å¡Ã ¬Ãâà ¦ | ÃÆ'à à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã M t-1, ÃÆ'à à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã a t-1), where ÃÆ'â⬠à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢(.) = a probability distribution function, Ri,t = the return on security i in period t, ÃÆ'à à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã M t-1 = the information set used by the market at t ÃÆ'à ¢Ã ¢Ã¢â¬Å¡Ã ¬Ã ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
â 1, ÃÆ'à à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã a t-1 = the specific information item placed in the public domain at t ÃÆ'à ¢Ã ¢Ã¢â¬Å¡Ã ¬Ã ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
â 1. This equation has two important implications. 1. Specific information item at t-1 (ÃÆ'à à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã a t-1) cannot be used to earn non zero abnormal return. 2. When a new information item is added to the information set ÃÆ'à à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã M, it is instantaneously reflected on market prices. The concept of market efficiency was first introduced by Bachelier (1900). Since then, there has been many studies like Working (1934), Cowles and Jones (1937), Kendall (1953), Cootner (1964). However it was Fama (1965) who first used termed it as ÃÆ'à ¢Ã ¢Ã¢â¬Å¡Ã ¬Ãâ¦Ã¢â¬Å"efficient marketÃÆ'à ¢Ã ¢Ã¢â¬Å¡Ã ¬Ãâà . Fama (1970) later stated the sufficient but not necessary conditions for efficiency: i. there are no transaction costs in trading securities; ii. all available information is costlessly available to all market participants, and iii. all agree on the implications of current information for the current price and distributions of future prices of each security He also identified three degrees of informational efficiency namely the weak form, the semi-strong form and the strong form. 2.2 Random Walk Model (RWM) The Random Walk Model is a close counterpart of the Efficient Market Hypothesis. The model was originally examined by Kendall (1953). It states that stock price fluctuations are independent of each other and have the same probability distribution. Thus the Random Walk theory suggests that stock price change randomly, making it impossible to predict stock prices. The Random Walk Model is linked to the belief that markets are efficient and that investors cannot beat or predict the market because stock prices reflect all available information and the new information arises randomly. As mentioned in Fama (1970) the two hypotheses constituting the Random Walk Model , that is (i) successive price changes are independent and (ii) successive changes are identically distributed, are implicitly assumed in the Efficient Market Hypothesis. The Random Walk Model is in direct opposition to technical analysis, which suggests that a stocks future price can be forecasted based on historical info rmation through observing chart patterns and technical indicators. 2.3 3 Forms of Market Efficiency 2.3.1 Weak-Form Efficiency Fama (1970) stipulates that no investor can earn excess returns by formulating trading strategies based on historical price or return information in a weak-form efficient market. The weak-form efficiency thus assumes that the price of a stock fully reflects all information contained in past prices, that is the historical sequence of prices, rate of returns and other historical market information. A weak-form efficient market implies that it is of no use to engage in technical analysis that use past prices alone to find undervalued stocks. In order to test whether past share prices can be used to predict future share prices( that is, weak-form efficiency), statistical or econometric tests can be used. These studies seek to study the evolution of share prices from one period to the next period and try to detect correlation between the successive price changes. Technical analysts study the evolution of past share prices, with the aim of predicting share prices to make gains. 2.3.2 Semi-Strong Form Efficiency Fama (1970) described the semi-strong form efficiency as one where share price fully reflect all information contained not only in past prices but all public information. All public information includes capital market information as used in the weak form Efficient Market Hypothesis(EMH) as well as non-market information such as earnings, dividend announcements, price earnings ratio, information about the economy and political news (Reilly1997). New public information is almost instantaneously integrated in share price and the share price is adjusted so as to reflect the true value of the share. This means that an investor cannot use public information to generate gains on the stock market. In order to test for semi-strong form efficiency, event studies are often used. These event studies are performed by analyzing the effect of the release of new public information on the share price. If the market is semi-strong form efficient, the new public information ( for example annual re ports, earning announcement or dividend announcement) is instantaneously integrated in the share price, so as to reflect the intrinsic value of the share. New information can be both good or bad. Thus they can cause increases or decreases at their release. 2.3.3 Strong Form Efficiency Under strong form efficiency, the current price reflects all information, public as well as private. Private information, in this context, means information not yet published. On the stock market, there are professionals (for example security analysts, fund managers) who have private as well as public information. Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) assumes that no investor has monopolistic access to any information. This means that as new public and private information is released, it is incorporated in share price to reflect its true value. An investor will not be able to consistently find undervalued or overvalued shares and make gains on the strong form efficient market. Fama (1970) perceives a strong form efficient market as one where investors are not expected to earn excess returns by relying on inside information. To test whether past share prices, public and private information can used to predict future share prices, the investment records and gains generated by professi onal investors are often studied. Investors should not be consistently able to make gains by using public and private information. At all moments, the share prices incorporate all public and private information to reflect the true value of the shares. 2.4 Statistical Tests to examine validity of Weak-Form EMH In order to examine the validity of the weak form efficiency, a number of statistical tests have been used in the literature. These tests can be categorized into two groups: i. Using mechanical trading rules also known as filter rules. These rules test for the possibility of non-linear dependence existing in the price data. Filter rules were first used by S.A Alexander (1961) and later Fama and Blume (1966) added to the literature. Professor Alexanders filter techniques attempts to apply a sophisticated criteria to identify movements in stock prices. An x percent filter is defined as follows: If the daily closing price of a particular security moves up at least x percent, buy and hold the security until its price moves down at least x percent from a subsequent high, then sell and go short (Fama and Blume, 1966). The short position is then maintained until the daily closing price rises at least x percent above a subsequent low when one is going to cover and buy. Moves less tha n x percent in either direction are ignored. ii. Statistical tests of independence between successive price changes. Serial autocorrelation tests and run tests are among the most popular tests. Some of the researches in this field use Spectral Analysis which decomposes a time series into a spectrum of cycles of different length. This spectral decomposition of a time series yield a spectral density function that measures the contribution of each of the frequency bands to the overall variance of the times series. There is also a relatively new test introduced by Lo and Mackinlay (1988), it is called the Variance Ratio which is based on the heteroscedasticity problem. The basic idea behind the Lo and Mackinlay (1988) variance-ratios test is that if a natural logarithm of a time series is a pure random walk, then, the variance of its k-differences in a finite sample grows linearly with the difference, Let (pt) denote a time series consisting of T observations p1,p2,ÃÆ'à ¢Ã ¢Ã¢â ¬Å¡Ã ¬Ãâà ¦,pT of asset returns. Then, the variance-ratio of the k-th difference, VR(k), is defined as: VR(k)= ÃÆ'à Ãâ ââ¬â¢2(k)/ÃÆ'à Ãâ ââ¬â¢2(1) where, VR(k) is the variance-ratio of the shares returns k-th differences; ÃÆ'à Ãâ ââ¬â¢2(k) is the unbiased estimator of 1/k of the variance of the shares returns k-th differences, under the null hypothesis; ÃÆ'à Ãâ ââ¬â¢2(1) is the variance of the first-differenced share returns series, and k is the number of days of base observations interval or lag (Ntim et al. ,2007). 2.5 Implications of EMH Market efficiency has important implications for both investors and authorities. If a market is inefficient, investors should doubt the ÃÆ'à ¢Ã ¢Ã¢â¬Å¡Ã ¬Ãâ¦Ã¢â¬Å"hold the marketÃÆ'à ¢Ã ¢Ã¢â¬Å¡Ã ¬Ãâà strategy and should try to ÃÆ'à ¢Ã ¢Ã¢â¬Å¡Ã ¬Ãâ¦Ã¢â¬Å"beat the marketÃÆ'à ¢Ã ¢Ã¢â¬Å¡Ã ¬Ãâà . While the authorities on their part should restructure the stock market by enacting effective law and enhancing financial media. The graph below shows the effect of EMH on stock prices. The straight line shows the reaction under EMH while the dotted lines show the over-reaction and under-reaction that occur with the existence of market imperfections. If a market is efficient, investors: 1. should not worry about investment analysis. They should rather concentrate on holding a well diversified portfolio. Investors holding an inefficient diversified portfolio will be exposed to risk which could be avoided and for which they will not be rewarded. In other words, the market only provides return for systematic risk, while specific risks have to be diversified away. 2. Should adopt a buy and hold policy once they have established their portfolios. This is because there is no advantage in changing from one group of securities to another. By doing this, there would be transaction costs which they would have to incur and as a result, the risk-adjusted return would be affected. Altering the composition of a portfolio can only be justified a) if the risk exposure has changed due to relative changes in the market value of the constituent securities. b) if tax payments can be minimized. Other implications of EMH are: * Price changes are random and unpredictable * Investors are not easily fooled by the glossy financial reports or ÃÆ'à ¢Ã ¢Ã¢â¬Å¡Ã ¬Ãâ¹Ã
âcreative accounting techniques * Timing of new issues of securities are not important since prices represent the intrinsic and will reflect the degree of ris k in the share. Thus under EMH neither fundamental nor technical analysis can be used to achieve superior gains. Investors should concentrate on constructing and holding efficiently diversified portfolios. 2.6 Empirical Evidences Based on the literature, it can be seen that there are two competing schools of thoughts about market efficiency. The first school argues that markets are efficient and as a result, returns cannot be predicted. For example early studies (Working, 1934; Kendall, 1943, 1953; Cootner, 1962; Osborne, 1962; Fama, 1965) on developed markets support the weak form efficiency of the market with a low degree of serial correlation and transaction cost. The studies in this school of thought, support the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) and show that price changes could not be used to forecast future price changes, especially after transaction costs were taken into account. The second school, on the other hand, provides empirical evidence of ÃÆ'à ¢Ã ¢Ã¢â¬Å¡Ã ¬Ãâ¹Ã
âanomalies that contradict the theory of efficient markets. Some of these studies are Summers (1986), Keim (1988), Fama and French (1988), Lo and MacKinlay (1988) and Poterba and Summers (1988). They found some ÃÆ'à ¢Ã ¢Ã¢â¬Å¡Ã ¬Ãâ¹Ã
âanomalies, which could not be explained by the theory of Fama (1965). Some of the market anomalies that they found are: Ãâà · January Effect/Turn of The Year Effect Stock returns are usually abnormally high during the first few days of January. The January effect occurs because many investors choose to sell some of their stock right before the end of the year in order to claim a capital loss for tax purposes. Then they quickly reinvest their money after the new year, causing stock prices to rise. Rozeff and Kinney (1976) was among the first to prove this market anomaly. Rozeff and Kinney (1976) methodology gives smaller companies greater relative influence than would be true in value-weighted indices where large firms dominate. Subsequent researches (Reinganum, 1983; Roll, 1983, among others) later confirm that the January effect is a small cap phenomenon. Ãâà · Size Effect/Small Firm Effect The Size Effect is the tendency for firms with a small market capitalization to outperform larger companies over the long term. For example Banz (1981) and Reinganum (1981) showed that small-capitalization firms on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) earned a return in excess of what would be predicted by the Sharpe (1964) ÃÆ'à ¢Ã ¢Ã¢â¬Å¡Ã ¬Ã ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
â Linter (1965) capital asset-pricing model (CAPM) from 1936-1975. However as mentioned by G.W. Schwert(2003, p.943), it seems that the small-firm anomaly has disappeared since the initial publication of the papers that discovered it. Alternatively, the differential risk premium for small-capitalization stocks has decreased over the years. Ãâà · Weekend Effect/Day of The Week Effect This is a phenomenon in which stock returns on Mondays are often significantly lower than those of the immediately preceding Friday. French (1890) observed this anomaly. He noted that the average return to the Standard and Poors (SP) Composite Portfolio was reliably negative over weekends in the periods 1953-1977. Again, like the size effect, the weekend effect seems to have disappeared, or at least substantially attenuated, since it was first documented in 1980. Ãâà · Value Effect/Price Earnings Ratio Effect The value effect refers to the tendency for stocks with low price earnings ratio to outperform portfolios consisting of stocks with a high price earnings ratio. Basu (1977) shows that investors holding low price earnings ratio portfolio earned higher returns. The existence of market anomalies have important implications. If stock returns do not follow a random process, then it is possible to design profitable trading strategies based on historical information 2.6.1 Empirical Evidences from Developing Countries Despite the large number of empirical studies that have been conducted to test the validity of the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) in developed countries with booming financial markets, studies to support or dispute the efficiency or inefficiency of the African stock markets are quite limited. There is a small number of empirical studies analyzing emerging African equity markets with regards to weak form of market efficiency test. While some of these studies have analysed single markets ( e.g. Samuels and Yacout 1981; Parkinson 1984; Ayadi 1984; Dickinson and Muragu 1994; Osei 1998; Olowe 1999; Mecagni and Sourial 1999; Asal 2000; Adelegan, 2004; Dewotor and Gborglah, 2004; Ntim et al., 2007), others have analysed groups of countries (e.g. Claessens et al., 1995; Magnusson and Wydick, 2002; Smith et al., 2002; Appiah-Kusi and Menya, 2003; Simons and Laryea, 2004; Jefferis and Smith, 2005). However, while there are only a few empirical studies, their conclusions as to the effic iency and predictability of future stock returns have been mixed. For example Dickinson and Muragu (1994) shows that the Kenyan stock market is weak form efficient, in contrast to the results of Parkinson (1984). Also, most of the existing studies made use of conventional weak form testing techniques such as serial correlation tests. Samuels and Yacout (1981) and Parkinson (1984) were among the first to use serial correlation tests to examine the weak form efficiency on the African continent. Samuels and Yacout analysed the weak form market efficiency in weekly price series of 21 listed Nigerian firms from 1977 to 1979 and provided empirical evidence that the market was efficient. Parkinson on his part, analysed monthly price series of 30 listed Kenyan firms from 1974 to 1978 and rejected the weak form efficiency. Dickinson and Muragu (1994) reinvestigated the Kenyan market by applying run and serial correlation tests to weekly stock price series of 30 listed companies on the Nai robi Stock Exchange and their results were in contrast with Parkinson (1984). They demonstrated that successive price changes are independent of each other for the majority of the companies investigated. Most of the developing countries suffer from the problem of thin trading (Mlambo and Biekpe, 2005). The problems caused by thin trading have been widely acknowledged in financial market researches (e.g., Dimson, 1979; Cohen et al. ,1983; Butler and Simonds, 1987; Lo and Mackinlay, 1990a and b; Bowie, 1994; Muthuswamy and Whaley, 1994) . Fisher (1966) who was the first to identify the bias caused by thin trading in the serial correlation of index returns, explained that recorded prices of securities are not necessarily equal to their underlying theoretical values. This is because when a share does not trade, the price recorded remains the closing price when the share was last traded. However, while most of the African stock markets suffer from thin trading, many existing studie s fail to adjust for thin trading. For example recent studies conducted on the Stock Exchange of Mauritius (Appiah-Kusi and Menya, 2003 and Simons and Laryes, 2004) made used of conventional techniques and did not adjust for thin trading. Other studies (Kabba, 1998; Roux and Gilberson, 1978 and Poshawale, 1996) which have examined the behavior of stock price and rejected the weak-form efficiency, have explained that the inefficiency might be due to delay in operations and high transaction cost, thinness of trading and illiquidity in the market. Annahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11620159154595507274noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6165947725137083294.post-33693957383871044822019-12-27T10:46:00.001-08:002019-12-27T10:46:03.470-08:00Private Schools Offering the IB Program Annahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11620159154595507274noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6165947725137083294.post-127832415630648962019-12-19T06:35:00.001-08:002019-12-19T06:35:02.692-08:00Human Resource Management On A Global Scale - 1302 Words Abstract The purpose of this paper is to discuss and explain the value of Human Resource Management on a global scale. Human Resources Management is a valuable asset to many organizations around the world. There are several factors that come into play when considering the functions of business on a worldwide scale. Some aspects of Human Resource Management include training, management development, performance appraisal, and compensation. The focus level in individual areas of Human Resource Management may differ between countries, and organizations, but overall HR is an organizational asset worldwide. Global Human Resource Management According to Hill (2013), human resource management ââ¬Å"refers to the activities an organization carriesâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Starting from the day that someone is born he, or she will continue to learn new things throughout their life. We as individuals acquire an education to feed our minds the necessary knowledge that is needed to function in the world. In todayââ¬â¢s time, a solid education is necessary in order to attain decent employment. Although an individual possesses, the required education, training is still necessary to perform essential job functions. Employers provide training to new workers along with continued employees to introduce and reinforce the duties and functions of his or her job. Each company has requirements that potential employees must possess for consideration for employment. When a firm seeks out prospective individual to place in the position of management, the process can be extremely meticulous because of the level of responsibility t heir position entails. Managers are responsible for overseeing part or all aspects of an organization contributing to their overall level of success. Periodically managers may be required to attend training classes to learn or review aspects of the company. The culture of an organization can vary from country to country. It is important to recognize and respect the different cultural aspects of international business. According to Hill (2013), ââ¬Å"an expatriate manager is a citizen of one country who is working aboard in one of the firmââ¬â¢s subsidiariesâ⬠(p. 570). It is of great importance for an expatriate manager to undergo Annahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11620159154595507274noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6165947725137083294.post-56765617876594031092019-12-11T03:17:00.001-08:002019-12-11T03:17:03.555-08:00Product Liability Manufacturing of Product Fundamentals Question: Describe about the Product Liability for Manufacturing of Product. Answer: Product liability entails a claimant bringing a claim against a manufacturer for a defect in manufacturing or design of as product. Such a claim is derived from the tort of negligence. The overarching rule entrenched by the law of negligence is that one should reasonably foresee acts or omissions that are like to cause harm to a neighbor (Donoghue v. Stevenson,1932). Ideally, Lording Artkin in the foregoing case defines a neighbor as persons who are likely to be affected by ones act or omissions and should therefore be put in their contemplation. With regards to the thermomis users case, the provisions supplied by common law and statute play an anomalous role in protecting consumers. It is of interest to note that for a negligence claim to succeed there are three essential elements that must be unassailably proved to the court for the action to succeed (Grant v Australian Knitting Mills, 1936). The claimant must establish that a duty of care exited which was breached by the defendant. Suffice to say, he must also show that there was damage or injury suffered as a result of the breach of duty. Before the onset of the application of the neighbor principle by Lord Artkin the claimant was put to ask to show the court that the manufacturer of a product, negligently and recklessly failed to disclose a defect in the product that eventually caused harm (Langridge v Levy, 1837). This formed the basis of the negligent action; however, this requirement has a superficial appearance for limiting the scope of the duty of care. However, not to worry, the neighbor principled has overruled the above assertions (Heaven v Pender, 1883). Duty of care Firstly and most importantly the claimant who in this case will be the thermomix users must establish that the manufacturing company owed them a duty of care. For a duty of care to be so established and to show the court that the duty of care actually existed, a proper test has to be conducted. The litmus for determining the duty of care has since been sufficiently settled in Caparo Industries v Dickman (1990) where the court firmly stated that for duty of care to exist a three stage test must be met. The harm or injury that visited the claimant as a result of the act or omissions of the defendant must be one that is on the face of it reasonably foreseeable (Kent v Griffiths, 2000) . Unforeseeable acts do not establish a duty of care. To make this protestation solid, it is a statutory requirement that for the defendant to show that the acts or omissions were not foreseeable they must prove that they exercised all reasonable care and skill to ensure that the products were safe for use (Civil Liability Act 2002 NSW s 5O and 5P). A relationship of proximity must exist between the claimant and the defendant for duty of care to be deemed to exist (Home Office v Dorset Yacht Club, 1970). This relationship is a legal relationship that bestows upon the defendant a duty of care. The thermomix users must thus show that such a relationship existed. Actually, it can be inferred that by the fact that the users were clients of the manufacturing company a legal relationship and one of proximity existed between them and thus the manufacturing company owed them a duty of care. In closing the requirements for the duty of care, it has been stated that the court will look at all facets of the case before it considers whether it is just and reasonable to impose a duty on the manufactures (Capital v Hampshire County Council, 1997). Breach of duty / causation It is indispensible that the claimant proves that as a result of the breach the duty the defendant suffered harm. The court must buy the proclamation by the claimant that the harm suffered was a result of the negligent act or omissions of the defendant (Civil Liability Act 2002 WA pt. 1A div 3 s 5c). Over and above, it is now a settled position that section 5c of the civil liability act 2002 borrows the idea inherent in it from the common law test, the But for Test (Adeels Palace Pty Ltd v Mubarak Bou Najem, 2009). The aforementioned test was correctly applied in Barnett v Chelsea Kensington Hospital (1968) where the court stated that if the defendant shows that the harm would have occur but for the negligent omissions then a causal link will not be established between the harm and act of the defendant. To sum it up a general test in determining whether there the defendant was in breach of the duty of care and consequently ,whether the breach led to causing harm and injury to the defendant, the Bolam test will applied. The court will judge from what an ordinary skilled person in the same line of work would have done to prevent any harm (Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee, 1957). Ideally, the manufacturers of the thermomix will be to test to determine whether they had done all what was reasonable and what an ordinary man in the same line of work would have done to avoid the harm that visited the harm that visited the thermomix users. Defenses Available The defendant can buy the argument that the claimant volunteered to the act thereby stating the maxim volentis non fit injuria. It however, remains a fallacy that such a possible defense can sufficiently persuade the court. It is insensible that any reasonable and normal person will volunteer to harm themselves without a just cause. This argument therefore would most likely be defeated as soon as it arrives to the attention of the judges. The defense of contributory negligence is advisably, a strong defense that the thermomix manufactures can plead in this case. The defendants will thus have to admit liability of the harm suffered by the defendant but they can plead that the harm was also contributed by the claimant. It is a very interesting argument as it the thermomix manufactures can persuade the court that the harm was contributed by the claimants negligent omissions in not abiding by the safety precautions of the appliances. Significantly, the thermomix users are advised that the principles that are applied in determining liability in negligence will also be applied in determining liability in contributory negligence defense. (Civil Liability Act 2002 (WA) s 5k) 2. An award of compensatory damages is a common law remedy that is found on the tort law principle that where a claimant successfully shows that he or she suffered harm as a result of the actions of the defendant, they should be put back in the same position they were as if the harm had not occurred. Interestingly, a trend has cropped up in Australia and other jurisdictions where a cap on the damage is placed. This has been an emotive issue that has aroused the attention of the legal fraternity. It is instructive to note that the cap or limit has only been implemented on damages for non-economic loss. Previously a limit on damages for non economic loss was only placed on defamation actions (Defamation Act 2005 (NSW) s 35). The provisions on limitation of damages have now become notorious and conspicuous in Australian Law. It is now a settled law that for civil liability actions damages for personal injury claims have a limit reward of $551500 (Civil Liability (Non-Economic Loss) Amendment Order 2013). This limit is a revision of an earlier reward of $350000 (Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW) s 16). Damages for non-economic loss include pain and suffering which occasionally poise a quandary to the court in determining the amount of damages to be paid in monetary terms (Office of the Australian Information Commissioner, Submission 66). An argument pursuant to the emerging of the limits on damages has emerged and it asserts that these limit have presented a gambling opportunity for the claimants to decide which of an action to pick depending on where they are going to profit a lot and that the authors of this law have only added an insult to an existing injury (Nicholas, 2012). On the contrary, the caps have been received with much celebration by the common citizen in the county and the business fraternity at large including medical practitioners. In fact, Rolf (2012) campaigns for a higher cap on damages that are derived from a statutory action. The fact that the courts have experienced difficulty in quantifying the amount of damages for pain and suffering is incontrovertibly a fitting justification for the existence of the limitations. (Krauss, 2014). The costly and unreasonable awards of damages by the court that have been comparatively influenced by emotions have since been repressed by the provisions of limitation on damages. (Ward, 1988). In the United States for instance, it has been discerned that the jury has sometime sympathized with the claimants, a reality that has been argued to be turning the courts into courts of emotions rather than law. This is an outright flagrant violation of the rights of the defendant party to a fair trial and the right to be heard. In a bid to apply the facts of the thermomix users case in this discussion it is it prudent to note that the both the thermomix users and the manufacturers should celebrate the bringing to life of limitation on damages (Sharkey, 2005). It may seem facile to say so but these limitations reduce the cost of doing business and cost of products in the market. Accordingly, if a heavy sum of damages is awarded in the thermomix case their insurers will have to suffer the burden of compensating the heavy sum of money. This will result in the amendment of the amount of premiums that the manufacturing company. On seeing this, the manufacturing company will share the burden to the cost of their products which will inordinately increase. On a lighter note the medical practitioners and their patients alike have also celebrated the damage caps. The cost of medication was skyrocketing as medical insurers increased their premiums to. It has been said that a majority of doctors will not give their best attention and decision in deciding the medical of their patients for fear of negligence law suits (Brown and Robert, 1999). With the caps, doctor can be free for the costly and unreasonable amount of damages that was imposed on them. Patients on the other hand have benefited from reduced medical expenses. Other pertinent arguments that have aroused the concern of the legal fraternity are that the damage caps have intruded on the doctrine of separation of powers. The lawmakers have been held to have taken away the discretionary function of the judges. They argue that the damages can only assessed on case by case basis by the court who will be hearing the parties. Some have propounded the argument that the takes away the constitutional right to heard by a competent court or jury. Some manufacturers have however taken advantage of these caps such as in defamation cases where the defendant who can be a Newspaper Company knowingly makes a defamatory statement but they do so because the sales that will be made preponderate against the limit placed on the damages. It is thus a recommendation that the law that provides for the limitation of damages should not be an absolute law but rather one that also accommodates some exceptions to fit in meritorious claims that wont see the caps sufficiently compensating the claimant. 3. The need to protect consumers is one that has existed since antiquity and in Australia the Australia Consumer Law (ACL) has the moral imperative to protect the consumers within their jurisdiction. For the purpose of the thermomix case the ACL protects the consumers from safety defects of product from manufacturers that cause harm to the consumers. Manufactures products that are not safe for general use attract liability to the manufacturing company for economic loss, personal injury and damage that has been suffered (Australia Consumer law part 3-5). The locus standi in product liability claims that are initiated pursuant to the ACL has been extended to also include regulators who must have consent from the injured parties. Essentially, this implies that the regulators can also sue on behalf the users who have been harmed by the defective products of the consumers. There are grounds that must be satisfied for a claim to be brought under the ACL (Australia Consumer Law Section 138-141). At the onset the claimant must prove that the harm or injury suffers was as a result of the defect in the product. The defect in the product should not be defined by poor quality of the product but the product should in the eyes of a reasonable person be actually defective. The thermomix injured users were harmed by the defect in the product and thus they satisfy the first ground. Surprisingly, persons who were not directly users of the product but were injured as a result of the defective product can also bring a claim. Further, if a person is injured as a result of the injuries that were suffered by the users of the product, he or she can also institute a claim. Where property such a land is destroyed by a defective product and someone if injured in the process, he she is into the bargain entitled to a legal claim against the manufacturers. Over and above all stated, the two companies involved in our fact in issue, Vorwerk Co. KG and Australia Pty Ltd TIA, are regarded as manufacturers of the product albeit the Australian company seems not to be the actual manufacturer. It has been held that they are both equally liable to the claims of the thermomix users (Leeks v FXC Corporation, 2002). Defenses The defenses to the defective goods actions are only allowed within the Australia consumer Law part3-5 sections 142 and 148. The thermomix manufactures can claim that the safety defect being claimed by the claimants was not in existence at the time the product was delivered to the user. The manufacturers can also rely on the defense that at the time the product was being dispatched for delivery the manufactures did not have the scientific and technical capability to detect any further defects in the product and that they exercised reasonable skill and care to ensure that there were no safety defects in the products. The manner and mode in which the goods were packed or designed can also be a possible defense where the manufacturers can claim that the goods were not packed in a manner that is up to standard. However, despite it being a defense under the ACL this defense does not hold water and would in most instances be defeated. In conclusion the manufactures in product liability claims can claim that it is in the nature of the goods to be harmful unless the directions provided for use are strictly adhered to (Cook v Pasminco, 2000). References Adeels Palace Pty Ltd v Moubarak; Adeels Palace Pty Ltd v Bou Najem [2009] HCA 48 Australia Consumer law Barnett v Chelsea Kensington Hospital (1968)3 All ER 1068 Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee (1957) 1 WLR 582 Browne, J. and Robert, P. (1999). The Effect of Legal Rules on the Value of Economic and Non-Economic Damages and the Decision to File. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 18(2): 189-213. Caparo Industries v Dickman (1990) 2 AC 605 Capital v Hampshire County Council (1997)QB 1004 Carroll v Fearon, Bent and Dunlop Ltd (1999) PIQR P146 Civil Liability Act 2002 WA Civil Liability Act 2002 NSW Cook v Pasminco [2000] FCA 677) David, R. (2005). The Interaction of Remedies for Defamation and Privacy Precedent 14 Defamation Act 2005 (NSW) Donoghue v. Stevenson (1932) UKHL 100 Grant v Australian Knitting Mills (1936 ) A.C. 562 Heaven v Pender (1883) 11 QBD 503 Home Office v Dorset Yacht Club (1970) AC 1004 Kent v Griffiths (2000)2 WLR 1158 Krauss, M. (2014). Pain and Suffering' and the Rule of Law: Why Caps Are Needed Langridge v Levy [1837] EngR 156 Leeks v FXC Corporation [2002] FCA 72 Nicholas, P. (2012). Reforming the Remedy: Getting the Right Remedial Structure to Protect Personal Privacy, 17 Deakin Law Review 139 Office of the Australian Information Commissioner Sharkey, M. (2005). Unintended Consequences of Medical Malpractice Damages Caps, 80 New York Univ. Law Rev. 391 The Australian Consumer Law, (2010) A guide to provisions The Australian Consumer Law, (2012) An essential guide for product manufacturers and suppliers Viscusi ,W. (1996). Pain and Suffering: Damages in Search of a Sounder Rationale, Michigan Law and Policy Review 1: 141-178. Willsher v Essex Area Health Authority (1988) 1 AC 1074 Ward, J. (1988). Origins of the Tort Reform Movement, Contemporary Policy Issues 6: 97-107. Annahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11620159154595507274noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6165947725137083294.post-10928685126310698512019-12-03T14:58:00.001-08:002019-12-03T14:58:04.005-08:00What do you think makes a perfect home Essay Example For Students What do you think makes a perfect home Essay A sweet home needs a good society. A house is made of mud and bricks but home is made of love. In some places houses are made for the people but somewhere people are made for the houses. In a hotel people dont know whos living next to the door but in home people know their neighbours. A welcoming home is a perfect home. A home is made of love, sorrow, laughter, excitement, hope, care, atmosphere and feelings of everyone. People are entertained. A home which elmanate feelings of warmth and affections is perfect home. In homes we laugh, in homes we cry, and born in homes and in homes we die. A home reflects our personality . When a guest enters in the house he comes to know what sort of person youre by just looking the way youve decorated your house. A home is a place where the diseased world dies on. The doors are made with steps of patience and hospitality. My doors are not made by wood but theyre made by the sweet smile which always welcome others. A home is a blessing in disguise and its the hope for tomorrow. Its a preparing ground for the future. We will write a custom essay on What do you think makes a perfect home specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now A home is a mothers heaven, her kingdom. Its a desire of every girl. When a child is born in a house, he/she is crying and everyone around him/herlaughing but when the same child dies, he/she is laughing but everyone around him/her is crying. Our country is also our homw, so its our duty that we always keep it clean. A house needs a discipline and everyone follows that. People in a home gather on special occasions and enjoy themselves, they tell their secrets to each other, they enjoy their great events by recalling them. A home reveals and also conceals. In a home our values matter and the wishes are fulfilled by our parents. A home is a place to rest. To say the word home is quite easy but to maintain it is really difficult. Theres no place except home which seems like heaven to us. Thats what home is all about. When a girl grows up, she dreams of a perfect home and when she gets married, she tries her level best to give her dream a true face. Annahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11620159154595507274noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6165947725137083294.post-25154570350628843182019-11-27T16:09:00.001-08:002019-11-27T16:09:04.055-08:00My Life Essays - Vanessa Abrams, Notorious Gangs, Marcy Projects Growing up in the streets of Brooklyn was a complex struggle. Throughout 1990's Bedford-Stuyvesant was known for the notorious gangs and selling of drugs. Born and raised in Marcy projects I grew up of loving the game of basketball and baseball. Very similar to the television show Everybody Hates Chris My parents was extremely strict, my father provided for the family by working two jobs, while my mother stayed home and took care of me, my two brother and one sister. My neighborhood was rough and dangerous, so hanging out in the street was not an option; I had to use recreation center and after school program as tools to keep get me off the streets. I could actually say I was a proficient athletic as young boy. Many trophies for baseball and basketball sit in my mother living room. I was even offered a part-time scholarship to Bishop Loughlin catholic high school for basketball but was turned down because of my parent's inability to pay for the other half of the school fees. As I grew older my love for sports started to diminish. I started to put more interest in girls, money and less into school and sports. During my early childhood years I was on the worst end of a couple accidents as my broke my arm two times. My first broken arm occurred when I was ten; it was during a game steal the bacon when I was pushed into the gate by a member of the opposite team making me go flying into the gate causing me to break my arm. The second time happened during my tenth grade high school year. I really can't explain how it happen only thing. It was a complete blur; all I could remember was being in gym class and slipping on the blue mattresses that are used for gymnastic. I said damn not again, I screamed and looked down to towards my arm to see it was bent like a wired hanger, get off me I shouted. I got this cause all you going to do is place more pain on my arm. My second time breaking my arm required surgery; having two metal pins placed inside of my right ar m. While attending William E. Grady high school I wasn't the biggest fan of school. Getting me to attend school was like making a prostitute to attend a church sermon. I would cut school occasionally to just hang on the block or to talk to girls. Waking up 6:45am to travel an hour and half for school was dreadful. Imagine being on the train with bums, alcoholics and watching the sunrise, as young boy these new scenery was disturbing, so I avoided these picture by not ditching school. It was difficult for me to attend a new in high school your childhood friend wasn't attending. My perspective towards school changed during my eleventh grade year. I had failed five of seven classes and I wasn't going to graduate. My guidance counselor Ms. Mendez was really considering transferring me to an alternative school. She anxious to speak to someone from my family to tell my situation with school and the path I was heading down. It wasn't to that very meeting between my aunt and Ms. Mendez that I realize I needed to change my lifestyle. It took everything in my aunt power not to place a hand across my face in the Ms. Mendez office, but instead she gave me a lecture. After seeing the tears shed from my aunts very made me realize that I didn't want to be seen as other dude in the street and living in my neighborhood it was possible to happen. Therefore I looked as school as my getaway making sure to graduate from high school. I went on to graduate from high school in august of 2004. So are we going back to your apartment? Vanessa replied ?yeah we can go back to my house. Do you smoke? Because I?m trying to get high? I reply ?nah but I would like to try it. I?m a heavy drinker though? her response was ?No problem I have a bottle of patron in the Annahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11620159154595507274noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6165947725137083294.post-59434185463138225982019-11-23T23:44:00.001-08:002019-11-23T23:44:03.741-08:00Descriptive Piece Essays - Free EssaysChildhood Memory/ Descriptive Piece Essays - Free Essays Childhood Memory/ Descriptive Piece Every fortnight I was faced with the taunting experience of retrieving the eggs and every fortnight the task became more and more daring. Each morning at Nonis (grandmother) house a war between the chickens and I emerged from the normally silent yard, a war that separated all good from the world and emphasized death, destruction and danger. Every morning at Nonis house the boy that I was turned into a manly structure, ready for battle. The sun beamed through the old wooden shutters as the light splashed across his dormant eyes, beckoning him to awaken and absorb the early morning warmth. Each ray of light produced a comforting sensation persuading the boy to emerge from his overnight coma and venture out beneath the newborn sun. The warmth soon turned to a chill as a noise from the far corner of the backyard seized everything that was pleasant. The chicken sounds were calling him, reminding him of his duty..tempting him. Awakening very slowly the boy began to prepare himself for battle, just the way his grandfather had told of his experiences. The boy began to prepare himself both physically and mentall, knowing that one mistake could be the difference between failure and success. The young boy was ready and the beast that lived inside of him was to be exposed to a morning of frightful duties. The young boy was now the beast and the beast was the young boy and with the two minds combined a war was about to begin. He marched with enormous confidence until he reached the large back door that was the gateway to either treasures or torment. A fear inside him was released as he opened the door and proceeded with his mission to recover the prized treasure. He had all senses alert and functioning, ready for any enemy attack from the large, distrustful chickens. His knees and elbows slid along the wet dew of the morning grass like a snake carefully maneuvering its body, hiding from any danger. In front of him was a large cluster of grapevines that blocked any vision or path towards the enemies' barracks. There was no way around the large tangled knot, as this method would expose his route of attack to the enemy. Having no other option the cunning boy had no choice but to go through the vines. His body becoming a large grapevine, ducking and weaving through the tangled domain. The vines did not appreciate his presence and every meter he gained a new gash tore open the bare skin on his legs. He sensed the pressure build as he reached the forefront of the enemy barracks. Before him was a large rusted structure which foreshadowed any positive aspects which had arisen from the attack. The enemy headquarters oozed with a vibe of danger and evil. He decided not to turn back and thus moved onwards. His mission was established and all his knowledge and expertise was then crafted into an attempt to conquer what was rightfully his. He slowly invaded the enemy fortress that was covered by a wide expanse of rust and debree. Slowly and quietly he maneuvered his way around the shed, carefully he did not to make any sudden movements or sounds so as to alert the enemy. He held his position momentarily and observed if there was any movement evident inside the enemy fortress. He stalked the enemy and he felt the enemy stalking him. He then reached the opening of the fortress. A large corrugated iron door separated the young boy from victory and this large barrier to entry was an unexpected obstacle and delay. The door was so big that the latch to grant access into the disgusting pit was not accessible. His plans were disrupted and so he used all of his knowledge to overcome this unexpected occurrence. There wasn't into the fortress and this small dilemma began to be extremely costly time-wise. Due to this loss in time my enemy slowly began to gain advantage over me and I knew that I had to act quickly in order to save my mission. In the far bottom corner of the shed I could see a small opening. Obviously my Annahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11620159154595507274noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6165947725137083294.post-45774977964540364642019-11-21T06:06:00.001-08:002019-11-21T06:06:08.905-08:00What are the roles of men and women in marriage EssayWhat are the roles of men and women in marriage - Essay Example He indicated this when He said "It is not good that the man should be alone; I will make him an help meet for him" (Genesis 2:18). God formed woman to round out mans incompleteness, so that physically, socially, emotionally, intellectually, and even spiritually, male and female would not be rivals, but mates (Coblentz, 141-178). It is worthwhile to note that God created man and woman on the same day with equal identity. That is, both were made in the image of God (Gen. 1:24-31) and both were given the mandate by God to "be fruitful and multiply and subdue the earth" (Gen. 1:28). God also formed woman from mans side (Gen. 2:21-22) as a helper comparable to him (Gen.2:18). The man and his wife were to become one flesh (Gen. 2:24). The home is the basic unit of society. In Genesis 2:24 we read, "Therefore a man shall leave his father and mother and be joined to his wife, and they shall become one flesh". Thus marriage and the home were established by God Himself and it was intended to l ast a lifetime (Matt. 19:6-9, Mal. 2:14-16). During the last few decades cultural changes has redefined the meaning and responsibilities of man and woman in society and in the home. However, there exist a lot of confusion regarding their roles. Many men are confused and insecure. One of the main reasons for this is the lack of a good role model for leadership at home and they have no mental picture of what it means to lead a family. The Bible makes it clear that while men and women are inherently equal (Gen. 1:27, I Cor. 11:11-12), the man is to take the leadership role in the home (Eph. 5:22-24, I Pet. 3:1-7, I Cor. 11:3,7-10, Gen. 1:26-27, Gen. 5, Gen. 18:19 etc.). This relates not only to the wife, but to the children as well (Eph. 6:4, Deut. 6:6-8, Prov. 3). In the scriptures true meaning of Christian marriage is mentioned in Ephesians 5:22-32 ââ¬â ââ¬Å"Wives, be subject to your own husbands, as to the Lord. For the Annahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11620159154595507274noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6165947725137083294.post-90539017595744863542019-11-20T05:44:00.001-08:002019-11-20T05:44:03.180-08:001950s- & American Indian Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words1950s- & American Indian - Essay Example With the desire to live in the quaint came the inevitable impact on the inner urban facets of American life. Also an era which saw more women at home, rather than the present in which it has become quite commonplace for numerous American households to be comprised of two working adults, rather than 50 years ago when it was undoubtedly the role of the male to be the breadwinner and his wife would be responsible for the maintenance of the home and hearth. With the law in place of separation of church and state, there have been many who look back at the era of the 50s and the presence of spiritual and religious discussion that seemed to occur more freely then than what it does now. Two clear signs of such open discussion involve the addition of ââ¬Å"under godâ⬠to the pledge of allegiance, as well as the addition of ââ¬Å"in god we trustâ⬠to the American currency. Two strong examples of how deeply rooted religion was at the time for many and the need felt to keep it close to the vest as it came to national practices. Central themes for many that lived in the time were the importance of family, the value of a strong economy and what it would mean for providing a strong way of life, as well as maintaining a strong connection to god and the principles set forth from religious teachings. In the end, for many people, the 1950s were a time in which many felt there was great prosperity and great hope. Television was used in suc h a manner to portray a human landscape of the strong male role model, the supportive role of the female and also the role of the children to be pleasantly precocious but well mannered. It can be asserted that a great many people essentially felt their was great promise to be had and considerable prosperity for all. Just as other minorities that wished to exert their rights, the American Indians set forth with a plan of obtaining recognized rights and liberties from the national level. The 1950s would be a decade Annahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11620159154595507274noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6165947725137083294.post-12625388478614964432019-11-17T18:14:00.001-08:002019-11-17T18:14:03.967-08:00Mini project 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 wordsMini project 2 - Assignment Example From picture 1, there are two main loads that acting on the bridge. These are 1.Dead load, This refer s to the permanent weight of both the structured and non ââ¬âstructure component of the bridge. This include the roadway used by the vehicle on the object , sidewalk and the attached equipments. Dead loads on a bridge are based on material unit and are based on material unit and are of constant magnitude. On designing a bridge dead load, must be estimated. In order to counteracted the resultant effects of the external loads, it is good to compute the final dead load of individual portions of the bridge structure before designing the final supporting members. This refers to the weight of the vehicle that cross the bridge. Each of these individual vehicles comprises of a series of concentrated moving loads that vary in spacing and magnitude. When the loads move, a number of changes are generated in shears, reaction and moments in the members of the structure. The extent of these resultant forces depend on the number of spacing, weight and the position of the loads on the span. To produce the maximum impacts for each stress, the designer must position the line vehicle loads well. From picture 1, it is true that when a piece of material e.g. steel or a steel reinforced concrete is stressed by a force of granite due to the load of the vehicle, the cross sectional material does several things. In general the top must compress [compression forces ] and the bottom must stretch [Tensional forces]. This gives rise to the following stresses as shown in the picture 1. This is the stress that Annahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11620159154595507274noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6165947725137083294.post-82421193933871921192019-11-15T06:45:00.001-08:002019-11-15T06:45:07.773-08:00Impact of Police Community Support OfficersImpact of Police Community Support Officers Abstract Police forces across England and Wales in 2002 have been provided with a new member of the police force to support police officers. These Police Community Support Officers (PCSOs) were introduced in the Police Reform Act 2002 to address disorder, low level crime, high visible patrols, and public reassurance. This Act gave a list of limited standard and discretionary police powers to PCSOs. The role of the PCSO as an extended member of the police family links the community to the police, without all the powers typically associated with policing. This limitation has cast doubt over their effectiveness within the local community. This report shows how powers vested in PCSOs have evolved to address issues of public confusion around their capabilities. Then the report argues that PCSOs patrols have made an impact upon crime levels and analyses criticism made about the PCSOs. This Report uses the British Crime Survey (BCS) trends in certain crime from 1981 to 2007. The trends show that since the PCSOs introduction in 2002 the majority of crime levels have started to decrease. Finally this report critically debates remarks made by David Gilbertson about PCSOs and compares them against case studies that have been conducted to find that these remarks are not at all true. Acronym ACPO Association of Chief Police Officers ASB Anti Social Behaviour BBC British Broadcasting Corporation BCS British Crime Survey BCU Basic Command Unit CDA Crime and Disorder Act 1998 CSO Community Support Officer CSOs Community Support Officers FPN Fixed Penalty Notice PCSO Police Community Support Officer PCSOs Police Community Support Officers PRA Police Reform Act 2002 Introduction Policing in the United Kingdom (U.K) is undergoing considerable change; it is changing in profound ways, engineering the introduction of Police Community Support Officers (PCSOs). Ever since the introduction of PCSOs in the Police Reform Act (PRA) 2002, there has been much criticism ranging from their need in the community, to their effectiveness in their roles within society. These issues need to be addressed in order to give PCSOs the recognition they deserve. This report will show if the criticisms made are true or false in regards to PCSOs effectiveness around their roles within society. In order to do this it will seek to answer the following three aims:- Aim one How PCSOs powers have evolved over the course of time Aim two Have PCSOs impacted recorded crime whilst on patrol? This would act as statistical towards their effectiveness in society. Aim three Finally it aims to answer whether unpleasant claims made by Gilbertson are true or false, by comparing and contrasting studies that have been conducted. Hypothesis ââ¬â This report predicts that PCSOs are needed and are effective in their roles. As a result the report aims to add a new dimension to resources available surrounding the PCSOs need and effectiveness. Structure of Report The report is presented in four chapters: Chapter One: The Police Community Support Officers (PCSOs) and their Functionality This chapter provides the history on the PCSO. In addition it explores the PCSOs roles and how their powers have evolved to address issues of public confusion. Chapter Two: The Police Community Support Officers (PCSOs) on Patrol This chapter looks at what PCSOs do on patrol and what the main issue they would face whilst on patrol is? Finally using the British Crime Survey trends on crime it assesses if PCSOs have made an impact on crime levels, since their introduction. Chapter Three: Gilbertson perspective on PCSOs against studies This chapter simply critically debates a certain remarks made by David Gilbertson about PCSOs using case studies that have been conducted. Chapter Four: Conclusion and Recommendations Simply brings together the main points that arise from pervious chapter to answer the main aims of this report and will state all recommendations that may have been expressed in the previous chapters. Literature Review Over this last decade, there has been considerable change in the way in which neighborhood policing is carried out. One of these changes has been the introduction of the Police Community Support Officers (PCSOs); PCSOs were first introduced in the Police Reform Act 2002. Since the introduction of PCSOs in 2002 there has been much criticism ranging from their, need in the community, to their effectiveness in their roles within society. There are limited resources surrounding the issues of need and effectiveness on PCSOs, this may be due to their relatively recent introduction. However this review will look at some available resources in order to compare and contrast the effectiveness of PCSOs. In doing so my study aims to add a new dimension to resources available surrounding the PCSOs need and effectiveness. The literature surrounding the introduction of PCSOs, Cooper et al (2007) Paskell (2007) and Crawford et al (2004) agreed that PCSOs were introduced in the Police Reform Act 2002 and also agree on the roles and powers PCSOs posses. However the aims of each studies vary, Cooper et al (2007) study is conducted for the Home Office. The Home Office funded this study due to the demands for a national evaluation of PCSOs. There were three key aims for Cooper et al study, these were; first to provide a national profile on PCSOs in terms of their activities, deployment, designated powers and demographics. The second was to provide indications of the impact PCSOs have on the public, in terms of their levels of reassurance, their perceptions and an understanding of their roles. The final aim was to provide indications of impact PCSOs on low level crime/disorder, incidents and anti social behavior (ASB). The methods used by Cooper et al (2007) were both quantitative and qualitative to gain research. The variety of data collected provided a stronger reliability around their findings as the data collected was of a large capacity. Data on a national level was collected from a survey of forces and a survey of PCSOs, by means of questionnaires. This is very reliable source of research as it done national and can be used as a national piece of evidence. On a local level three forces where chosen as case studies and from each force four areas were selected for a detailed study. Two of these areas were control areas where PCSOs had not been deployed, and the other two areas where PCSOs had been deployed for some time. Across the four forces interviews were conducted in police forces to collect data on a wide range of issues including, PCSOs deployment, supervision, training, induction and integration. The interviews were conducted on the two areas where PCSOs were deployed. Also data was collected from the control areas, after PCSOs were deployed, on their impact on crime levels for a two week period. This is reliable as the range of evidence collected is immense, due to the interviews carried out over four different forces. Controls were used, for the data to be compared with, as this is very important. This ensures the data collected was overall a result of the PCSOs alone, as they were not present in the control force areas. However the research should have been carried out for more than two weeks to gain more valid results, enhancing the reliability of their findings. Also the reliability of Cooper et al (2007) research can be improved if they could carry out their study again, in the same manner. This would allow the two studies to be compared and contrasted to determine if PCSOs are effective. Cooper et al (2007) concluded from their research that there was a need for PCSOs, as they act as visible and familiar presence through foot patrol and community engagement. As this was an issue due to police officers having less time to carry out these roles. This is an important piece of literature to my study as it tells me there is a need for the PCSOs. However Cooper et al (2007) did state that there were a range of factors that limited the PCSOs effectiveness. How PCSOs are deployed, how integrated they are and staff turnover that may impinge these requirements. These factors even though will not be considered in my study, still will need to be understood. They may provide valuable insight into the roles of the PCSOs and what they encounter on patrol. Crawford et al (2004) investigated if PCSOs and other members of the extended police family had impacted recorded crime? This study was funded by University of Leeds Centre for Criminal Justice Studies. Crawford et al compared trends in crime levels in the cities of Leeds and Bradford, also conducting a study which used a twin site public opinion survey to assess the impact of PCSOs on the public (2004). Crawford et al (2004) research appeared to provide positive light on PCSOs and other members of the extended police family, who can have an impact in relation to recorded crime. Crawford et al (2004) study showed that overall crime rates fell in these cities where PCSOs had been deployed. However Crawford et al (2004) was cautious around the interpretation of their findings, concluding that it is difficult to attribute changes in crime to PCSOs alone. The twin site public opinion survey found that PCSOs are a popular innovation within communities and the public perceived an increase in police patrolling. This is a valuable source of information of what the public thinks of the PCSOs, also with the comparison of crime statistics would show if PCSOs have contributed to crime reduction since the deployment. However it can not be used as a national evaluation of what the entire population thinks of the PCSOs or can show how it has impacted other communities. Furthermore, it may only be seen as valid for the cities of Bradford and Leeds, and invalid for other cities nationwide, as opinions of PCSOs may be different in other cities. Invalid due to PCSOs powers being changed as of 1st December 2007 (Home Office 2007) and the research was conducted two years on from when PCSOs initial introduction, which may be seen as less time to assess them. This is useful to my study as it tells me there may be other factors that have impacted crime levels, something which will be touched on in my study. Paskell (2007) on the other hand started conducting their research in 1998 to 2006, on 12 representative disadvantaged neighbourhoods, looking into key factors with neighborhood decline and renewal. Also it was documented in their research on government regeneration and housing renewal. In 2006 Paskell completed their final rounds of visits on these neighborhoods. This research was intended for another purpose but also led to their report in 2006 on ââ¬ËPlastic Police or Community Support? : The Role of Police Community Support Officer with in low-income Neighborhoodsââ¬â¢. Paskell (2007) research is more valid as it has been conducted over a longer period of time, from before the PCSO existence and few years after the enactment and can be used as more persuasive argument of their impact. Paskell (2007) agrees with Cooper et al (2007), that PCSOs involvement was evident to policing and beyond. However Paskell (2007) did note that the research on PCSOs was conducted shortly after they were introduced and suggests may be PCSOs need more time to make impact before they can be analyzed on their effectiveness. All three research studies showed PCSOs in a positive light, being an asset to the community. The information provided by Cooper et al (2007) study on the effectiveness of PCSOs, roles and powers of PCSOs and overall background on PCSOS, is the beneficial for my study as it provides knowledge on PCSOs. However it is not all thumbs up for the PCSOs, as they have come across certain criticism, such as from David Gilbertson ââ¬Å"Preventative patrolling, once the jewel in the crown of British policing, has been abandoned [] to be replaced by an imitation service delivered by semi-trained auxiliariesâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ . Gilbertson claims that PCSOs are imitations of police officers, and that the funding for PCSOs should just be used to recruit more police officers, who are fully trained, unlike the PCSOs. Just like the three research studies showed limitations, there are limitations for the study I intend to carry out. The lack of literature and valid research limits my research; also the lack of time given to conduct the study limits the possibility of gaining valid and reliable results. Even still I wish to carry out the study on PCSOs, to provide more clarity on the topic of PCSOs using the limited literature and studies around. In doing so my study aims to answer gaps overlooked by these scholars; firstly how PCSOs powers have evolved over the course of time, secondly have PCSOs impacted recorded crime whilst on patrol. Finally it aims to answer if such criticisms made by Gilbertson are true or false, by comparing and contrasting studies that have been conducted. Research Methodology Over this last decade, there has been considerable change in the way in which neighborhood policing is being carried out. One of these changes has been the introduction of the Police Community Support Officers (PCSOs). PCSOs were first introduced in the Police Reform Act 2002 (PRA). Since the introduction of PCSOs in 2002 there has been much criticism ranging from their, need in the community, to their effectiveness in their roles within society. There are limited resources surrounding the issues of need and effectiveness on PCSOs, this may be due to their relatively recent introduction. The aims of the research to be conducted will seek to address the following issues in regards to PCSOs: Aim one How PCSOs powers have evolved over the course of time Aim two Have PCSOs impacted recorded crime whilst on patrol? Aim three If criticisms regarding PCSOs effectiveness around their roles within society are true or false, by analyzing the data collected from this study. The first two aims can be found without the need to gain extra research or independent research. Aim one can be found by simply looking at the literature around on the PCSOs, and aim two will be answered by using the British Crime Survey Statistics on trends in Crime from the year 1981 to 2007. Crime trends in overall crime will tell what crime levels were, before the PCSOs were enacted, and since their enactment if they have changed. To assess if certain criticism made about PCSOs effectiveness around their roles within society are true or false, this report will collect research surrounding the publics view on PCSOs effectiveness and if the public feel they are needed. The methods that will be used to gain the necessary data to be analyzed will be questionnaires. The questionnaires will be carried out across the nation in ten cities were PCSOs have been deployed, with a sample size of five hundred people per city. Due to the lack of funding, questionnaires are the best option in obtaining data from the public on if they believe PCSOs are effective. Also the lack of funding would mean it will be hard to carry out a bigger sample size or carry out the questionnaires for more cities. By doing questionnaires the advantages are gaining research quick and effectively. Disadvantages are respondents will not be able to express their views, data may take a long time to analyze, there could be the possibility of the same respondent answering the same questionnaire and some public members will not be willing to answer the questionnaire. To reduce these issues the questionnaire will have an incentive to attract people to carry out the questionnaire, for example by being put in to a prize draw for an IPod Nano. Also the questionnaire will ask closed questions, with answers given for respondents to choose from. For example; how often do you see PCSOs on patrol- Most of the time, some of the time, do not see them at all? This will allow for easier analysis of answers and it will be easier to categorize questions onto a graph. The questionnaire will consist of a range of questions that are related to PCSOs, with the main aim to address aim three. However, before the questionnaire could be conducted, the study hit fatal problems which terminated the possibility of carrying out the questionnaires. The problem was time and no funding. No funding made it impossible to hire people to carry out the questionnaires and resulted to lack of time for it to carry out research across the nation. This therefore meant that there would not be any research to be analyzed. Nonetheless this report will address this issue by looking at what studies have been done; it will bring together these studies to answer aim three. It will use the following studies that where done by Cooper et al (2007), Crawford et al (2004) and Hiley (2005). Cooper et al (2007) The methods used by Cooper et al (2007) were both quantitative and qualitative to gain research. With the aim; first to provide a national profile on PCSOs in terms of their activities, deployment, designated powers and demographics. The second was to provide indications of the impact PCSOs have on the public, in terms of their levels of reassurance, their perceptions and an understanding of their roles. The final aim was to provide indications of impact PCSOs on low level crime/disorder, incidents and anti social behavior (ASB) The variety of data collected provided a stronger reliability around their findings as the data collected was of a large capacity. Data on a national level was collected from a survey of forces and a survey of PCSOs, by means of questionnaires. This is very reliable source of research as it done national and can be used as a national piece of evidence. On a local level three forces where chosen as case studies and from each force four areas were selected for a detailed study. Two of these areas were control areas where PCSOs had not been deployed, and the other two areas were where PCSOs had been deployed for some time. Across the four forces interviews were conducted in police forces to collect data on a wide range of issues including, PCSOs deployment, supervision, training, induction and integration. The interviews were conducted upon the PCSOs deployed two areas on similar questions. Also data was collected from the control areas after PCSOs were deployed on their impact on crime levels for a two week period. This is reliable as the range of evidence collected is immense, due to the interviews carried out over four different forces. Controls were used, for the data to be compared with, as this is very important. Crawford et al (2004) Crawford et al (2004) investigated if PCSOs and other members of the extended police family on how they can have impact on recorded crime. This study was funded by University of Leeds Centre for Criminal Justice Studies. Crawford et al compared trends in crime levels in the cities of Leeds and Bradford, also conducting a study which used a twin site public opinion survey to assess the impact of PCSOs on the public (2004). Hiley (2005) Hiley (2005) investigated if the public in the Gedling Borough of Nottingham felt PCSOs were effective. Hiley (2005) conducted its research by interviewing five hundred and one respondents. Sample size was taken at random, and respondents that declined were replaced. In analyzing these studies the findings of the report aims to answer aim three of the report to be conducted, all three studies are conducted in different regions and collated together can become a reliable source of data. Though it must be noted that each study was carried out in different years may hinder its reliability and validity. Nevertheless these studies are still relevant as they give a picture of the effectiveness of PCSOs at that time period. Another advantage of using these case studies is that information is readily available and modern, so it may still reflect the effectiveness of PCSOs to date. Chapter 1 à ¬The Police Community Support Officers (PCSOs) and their Functionality Introduction History of the Police Community Support Officers Roles of Police Community Support Officers Powers of Police Community Support Officers Summary Introduction This chapter will present an overview of the history, role and powers of the Police Community Support Officers (PCSOs). The history section will look at how and why PCSOs were developed, followed by the explanation of the role and aims of the PCSOs. This chapter finishes of with providing knowledge around the powers of the PCSOs and how they have developed over time. History of Police Community Support Officers (PCSOs) It is essential for the reader to become aware of the history behind the development of the PCSOs as it explains how and why this type of service originated. Initially, police officers out on patrol had many different competing priorities and limited time to provide a swift response to urgent calls. The effect of this limitation of time resulted in many patrols becoming vehicle based and patrol tasks being interrupted by urgent incidents, custody requirements, paperwork, etc. The Neighbourhood Policing Programme 2007, states that there were ââ¬Ëgaps in policing that bought about a combination of increasing demand and additional requirements on officers and forcesââ¬â¢ (Neighbourhood policing programme 2007). It can be fair to say, that at this point in time the relationship between the police force and the local community may not have been as strong as expected because the prioritisation of tasks left meant some other tasks would not be complete. The National Evaluation of community support officers found that the public perception confirmed the need of extra support for officers, ââ¬Ëthere are too many calls on police officers time and long term disorder/behaviour issues are not dealt with effectivelyââ¬â¢(Home Office 2006). Therefore, it had become apparent that the police force clearly required more support in terms of man-power to tackle this time constraint. The Police Reform Act in 2002 (PRA) revolutionized policing; chief officers across the UK now had PCSOs at their disposal to support police activities (Rogers and Lewis 2007: 125). By 2008 the government anticipated the number of PCSOs would grow substantially from 6,000 to 24,000. (Newburn 2008:156). However, at the end of April 2007, the figures showed that there were 16,000 PCSOs employed (Home Office 2007:33). In September 2002, pilot schemes across six forces had allowed PCSOs to take to the streets, primarily to provide high visibility patrols and become the eyes and ears of the police (Greater Manchester Police 2009). PCSOs as part of the wider police family had created a significant impact by focusing upon the needs of the local community; engaging with the public and providing reassurance with their uniformed presence. The scheme was hailed a success, later became nationalised across England and Wales as well as in the British Transport Police (Greater Manchester Police 2009). With this recognition they are now an integral part of Neighbourhood Policing and can contribute towards effective policing. ââ¬ËEffective Neighbourhood policing goes a long way to meeting the needs of communities. The role of the PCSO is a vital one as they are very much the visible accessible presence of neighbourhood policingââ¬â¢ (Neighbourhood policing programme 2007). Roles of Police Community Support Officers The aim of PCSOs as uniformed staff; was to provide support to the work of police officers and work within the local community. Their objective was to assist police in areas which may require a certain level of police presence. In doing so, they may not necessarily have the expertise of trained police officers, but were able to facilitate by freeing up the time police officers spent on tackling low-level crime and routine tasks. In 2005, the Association of Chief Police Officers (ACPO) expressed the roles of the PCSO as follows:- ââ¬Å"The policing of neighbourhoods, primarily through high visible patrol with the purpose of reassuring the public, increases orderliness in public places and being accessible to communities and partner agencies working at local level. The emphasis of this role, and the powers required to fulfill it, will vary from neighbourhood to neighbourhood and force to forceâ⬠(ACPO 2005). From this it is evident that the main priority was to provide high visibility patrols, dealing with public queries and restoring order within the local community. The West Midlands Police Force confer with these aims and outline the PCSO objectives as follows; to primarily provide high visibility patrols, secondly help reduce the fear of crime, thirdly participate in the police initiative of tackling anti-social behaviour (ASB), fourthly provide support and assistance at public events and finally support the police officers in building and maintaining community relations (West Midlands police 2007). Ideally as long as PCSOs acted in these key roles as stated by ACPO and the West Midlands Police Force, then they would become successful and effective. One can only become effective if the roles given to them are completed and carried out at high standards. ââ¬ËEffectiveness is the ability to achieve stated goals or objectivesââ¬â¢ (Environmental Protection Agency 2007). Arguably, it can be difficult to measure effectiveness as there can be limitations which influence the success rate of a task. For example, availability of ââ¬Ëresourcesââ¬â¢ and in many cases ââ¬Ëtimeââ¬â¢ is a crucial element, and may become a limiting factor. On the 17th July 2008, the Home Office issued a report regarding the activities undertaken by the PCSO. The report reviewed findings from a study on PSCO activity based on costing data in 2006/7. The results were indicative and notably equated PCSO activity with that defined by the guidance of ACPO (2005). Visible patrols were the most frequent activity carried out by PCSOs in 42 of 43 police forces. This report also suggested that not all PCSOs across forces spent time or much time upon the remaining listed objectives, which may possibly be an outcome of limiting factors such as time. In some tasks the actual ââ¬Ëtime spentââ¬â¢ may have superseded the ââ¬Ëexpected timeââ¬â¢. To conclude, this report suggests that PCSOs were also carrying out extra roles not mentioned by ACPO. The summary of this report is attached in Appendix A. Retrospectively, it must be made clear to the reader that PCSOs are not sworn police officers as such, neither are they a replacement. They are a branch of modern day policing whose purpose is to provide that needed extra support to police officers. This can only mean that the powers allocated to PCSOs are limited to their purpose of serving the local community. Powers of Police Community Support Officers The functionality and effectiveness of PCSOs can be maintained with allocation of certain ââ¬Ëpowersââ¬â¢. This section will debate the powers given to PCSOs and discuss why these have evolved over the years. Initially, as outlined by PRA 2002, Chief Officers of each of the police force regions had the choice of selecting appropriate powers to implement their individual force initiatives alongside meeting the needs of the local community. ââ¬â¢Section 38 of the PRA enables a Chief Officer to designate an individual employed by the police authority but under his/her authority discretion and control as a PCSO and confer upon them any powers listed in Part 1 of Schedule 4 to the PRAââ¬â¢ (Clayden, 2006:40) This suggested that there was no standardization or common ground for powers allocated to PCSOs across the United Kingdom (U.K). PCSOs in different forces would have had different powers to deal with certain incidents. Therefore, this meant PCSOs in different forces, would have powers in dealing with certain incidents whereas others would lack the powers to deal with those incidents. For example, in 2006 the Chief Constable of Surrey police allocated different powers to PCSOs in different areas. The PCSOs in the area of Guildford Borough had the power to issue a Fixed Penalty notice (FPN) for littering. Where as the PCSOs in the area of Ash Wharf where given a different power, the power to issue a FPN for Graffiti and Fly posting (Surrey Police, 2006). It must be noted that these different powers may only help PCSOs tackle targeted crime for each area specifically. On the other hand this can also become a problem for PCSOs, since there is a difference in the selection of powers for PCSOs in areas and regions. If a person was to commit a graffiti offence in the area of Guildford Borough then the PCSOs located there would have no power to issue FPN for this crime, since the PCSOs in that area have not been allocated that power. Furthermore if someone was littering in the area of Ash Wharf, then the PCSOs located in this area do not have the power to issue a FPN for littering. Additionally, the difference in selection of powers can lead to confusion and debate regarding the role of the PCSO, which in turn reflects their effectiveness. The BBC news website on the 6th of December 2005 read ââ¬ËPolice Community Support Officers, hailed as future of policing in London, are at the centre of a row about their roleââ¬â¢ (BBC News, 2005) A standard set of powers would help to understand what PCSOs can and can not do, which in turn may help clarify their roles to the local community to whom they serve. In addition, it is crucial that the public becomes clear of the capabilities and powers of a PCSO, so that they are not overestimated. Overestimating the PCSOs powers and abilities can have devastating results, as it was in the heartbreaking case of Jordon Lyon on May the 3rd 2007 in Wigan (BBC News, 2007). This case saw two PCSOs being branded in the media for being incapable to save or attempt to save a drowning child in the pond, simply because they did not have water rescue training. The Times Newspaper on September 2007 headlined, ââ¬Å"Failure to save drowning boy prompts calls to scrap ââ¬Ëcommunityââ¬â¢ policeâ⬠(Times online, 2007) Though, unlike the PCSOs in Wigan, in Watford on 22nd October 2007 two PCSOs saved the life of a drowning woman in a canal in Watford (Watford Observer 2007). Clearly these two similar incidents raise confusion over the power of the PCSOs. Moreover these incidents could confuse people around the PCSOs capabilities, do they have water rescue training or not, what can they do? What can they not do? In one case the PCSO has the power and the capabilities to save a persons life preventing them from drowning and in another case they seem incapable and powerless in saving someone from drowning. PCSOs powers at this stage are not clear and seem to be questionable, which need to be dealt with. Five years on from their introduction and in response to the confusion over the role of PCSOs: from 1st of December 2007 PCSOs were set 20 standard powers and an additional 22 powers accessible to them at the discretion of the chief constable(Smith 2008:17). A full list of the standard and discretionary powers is set out in Appendix B; the list was obtained from the Home Office website (Home Office 2007). The enactment of these standardised powers will mean a more consistent role for PCSOs nationwide. It provides PCSOs with the tools to deal with low-level disorder and anti-social behaviour and to contribute effectively to local policing. However, there are still 22 powers that can be allocated by the Chief Constable which can cause a lack of consistency in PCSOs powers within different communities. Nonetheless, it is apparent from Louise Caseyââ¬â¢ Annahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11620159154595507274noreply@blogger.com0